A sulfonated lignin as a by-product of papermaking wood pulp/urea-formaldehyde (UF) fertilizer and a method for preparing the same by a reactive extrusion and granulation process are provided. The method includes: mixing a hydroxymethylated sulfonated lignin solution with a hydroxymethyl-urea solution followed by feeding into a reaction-extrusion integrated machine and reaction at a preset temperature for a preset time; subjecting the reaction mixture to extrusion through a twin-screw extruder to obtain a strip product; and drying the strip product followed by granulation to obtain a sulfonated lignin as a by-product of papermaking wood pulp/UF fertilizer columnar particles. Sulfonated lignin molecules are introduced to the main chain of the UF macromolecules to reduce the polymerization degree and crystallinity of the UF fertilizer, so as to regulate the nitrogen release rate.

The invention provides for methods, devices, and systems for pyrolyzing biomass. A pyrolysis unit can be used for the pyrolysis of biomass to form gas, liquid, and solid products. The biomass materials can be selected such that an enhanced biochar is formed after pyrolysis. The biomass can be pyrolyzed under specified conditions such that a selected biochar core is formed. The pyrolysis process can form a stable biochar core that is inert and/or resistant to degradation. The biochar or biochar core can be functionalized to form a functionalized biochar or functionalized biochar core. Functionalization can include post-pyrolysis treatments such as supplementation with microbes or physical transformations including annealing and/or activation.

The invention provides for methods, devices, and systems for pyrolyzing biomass. A pyrolysis unit can be used for the pyrolysis of biomass to form gas, liquid, and solid products. The biomass materials can be selected such that an enhanced biochar is formed after pyrolysis. The biomass can be pyrolyzed under specified conditions such that a selected biochar core is formed. The pyrolysis process can form a stable biochar core that is inert and/or resistant to degradation. The biochar or biochar core can be functionalized to form a functionalized biochar or functionalized biochar core. Functionalization can include post-pyrolysis treatments such as supplementation with microbes or physical transformations including annealing and/or activation.

The invention concerns a method for treating a mixture of wastes (2), the latter being with heterogeneous sizes, shapes and consistencies, the treatment method being characterized in that it includes the following successive steps: Step E1 during which the mixture of wastes (2) is separated into a first fraction of wastes (13) the size of which is smaller than about 180 mm, preferably smaller than 140 mm, via a first series of separation orifices (7, 8) and into a residual second fraction of wastes (14), said first series of separation orifices (7, 8) comprising primary orifices (7) and secondary orifices (8) the size of which is larger than the size of the primary orifices (7) so that the mixture of wastes (2) is first brought into contact with the secondary orifices and then with the primary orifices (7), Step E2 during which the first fraction of wastes (13) is subjected to a composting process so as to compost, at least partially, the contained biodegradable wastes. Wastes sorting.

The invention concerns a method for treating a mixture of wastes (2), the latter being with heterogeneous sizes, shapes and consistencies, the treatment method being characterized in that it includes the following successive steps: Step E1 during which the mixture of wastes (2) is separated into a first fraction of wastes (13) the size of which is smaller than about 180 mm, preferably smaller than 140 mm, via a first series of separation orifices (7, 8) and into a residual second fraction of wastes (14), said first series of separation orifices (7, 8) comprising primary orifices (7) and secondary orifices (8) the size of which is larger than the size of the primary orifices (7) so that the mixture of wastes (2) is first brought into contact with the secondary orifices and then with the primary orifices (7), Step E2 during which the first fraction of wastes (13) is subjected to a composting process so as to compost, at least partially, the contained biodegradable wastes. Wastes sorting.

In a method for treating waste, in particular domestic waste, comprising the providing of a closed building for receiving the waste, the roof of the building being designed as a semi-permeable membrane, the filling of the building with the waste, the waste being piled into a mound, the performing of a biological drying of the waste with the supply of air, the air exhaust taking place through the semi-permeable membrane, and the discharging of the dried waste from the building, the filling of the building and the performing of the biological drying, and optionally discharging, of the waste are carried out with an unchanged arrangement of the roof, and the filling of the building is carried out by dropping the waste from a continuous conveying device.

In a method for treating waste, in particular domestic waste, comprising the providing of a closed building for receiving the waste, the roof of the building being designed as a semi-permeable membrane, the filling of the building with the waste, the waste being piled into a mound, the performing of a biological drying of the waste with the supply of air, the air exhaust taking place through the semi-permeable membrane, and the discharging of the dried waste from the building, the filling of the building and the performing of the biological drying, and optionally discharging, of the waste are carried out with an unchanged arrangement of the roof, and the filling of the building is carried out by dropping the waste from a continuous conveying device.

Methods of making a fertilizer through the anaerobic digestion of organic matter and applying the fertilizer to plants and plant media have been developed. The method involves primarily the anaerobic digestion of food waste and animal manure, with the food waste being used in greater amounts than animal manure. The method can be applied to a variety of anaerobic digestion devices or systems implementing anaerobic digestion. After the anaerobic digestion of organic matter has occurred, liquid digestate can be separate from solid digestate, the liquid digestate can be heat pasteurized, and filtered. Thereafter, the liquid digestate can be applied as a fertilizer to plants and plant media for the promotion of plant growth, reproduction, and health.

Methods of making a fertilizer through the anaerobic digestion of organic matter and applying the fertilizer to plants and plant media have been developed. The method involves primarily the anaerobic digestion of food waste and animal manure, with the food waste being used in greater amounts than animal manure. The method can be applied to a variety of anaerobic digestion devices or systems implementing anaerobic digestion. After the anaerobic digestion of organic matter has occurred, liquid digestate can be separate from solid digestate, the liquid digestate can be heat pasteurized, and filtered. Thereafter, the liquid digestate can be applied as a fertilizer to plants and plant media for the promotion of plant growth, reproduction, and health.

The problem of the present invention is to provide a magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH).sub.2] fertilizer to supply magnesium to plants without costs and time and to cultivate plants safely and economically using the magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH).sub.2] fertilizer. The above problem can be solved by effectively using laundry wastewater containing magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH).sub.2] after washing the laundry using magnesium material containing water and metal magnesium (Mg) as a main component.