An electrically operated propellant includes an electrolyte source. The electrolyte source is an ionic liquid, a polyelectrolyte, or a combination thereof. The electrically operated propellant also includes a polymeric binder. The electrically operated propellant is substantially waterless with a water content of less than 10 wt. % water based on total weight of the electrically operated propellant.

A method for enhanced validation of an entity associated with a COF token includes: storing at least transaction data, a token requester identifier (TRJD), and a COF token identifier; receiving payment credentials, wherein the payment credentials include at least a COF-specific payment token; generating a transaction message, wherein the transaction message is formatted based on one or more standards and includes at least a plurality of data elements including at least a first data element configured to store the COF-specific payment token, a second data element configured to store the COF token identifier, a third data element configured to store the TRID, and one or more additional data elements configured to store the transaction data; and electronically transmitting the generated transaction message to a financial institution via a payment network.

The present application belongs to the field of energetic compounds, and particularly relates to the use of a perovskite-type compound ABX.sub.3 as an energetic material. As a finding of the present application, the structural characteristics of the perovskite type enables the type of compound to be highly stable, thus overcoming the unsafety of an explosive having poor stability in the prior art. Meanwhile, the structural characteristics of the compound, such as rich energetic ligands, as well as the alternately arranged oxidizing energetic anions and reducing organic cations in the space, endow the compound with excellent performance on instantaneously releasing energy at detonation. The resulting three-dimensional structure allows the compound to not only have an energetic material effect but also overcome shortcomings of some existing energetic materials.

The present application belongs to the field of energetic compounds, and particularly relates to the use of a perovskite-type compound ABX.sub.3 as an energetic material. As a finding of the present application, the structural characteristics of the perovskite type enables the type of compound to be highly stable, thus overcoming the unsafety of an explosive having poor stability in the prior art. Meanwhile, the structural characteristics of the compound, such as rich energetic ligands, as well as the alternately arranged oxidizing energetic anions and reducing organic cations in the space, endow the compound with excellent performance on instantaneously releasing energy at detonation. The resulting three-dimensional structure allows the compound to not only have an energetic material effect but also overcome shortcomings of some existing energetic materials.

Microwave energy is used to ignite and control the ignition of electrically operated propellant to produce high-pressure gas. The propellant includes conductive particles that act as a free source of electrons. Incoming microwave energy accumulates electric charge in an attenuation zone, which is discharged in the form of dielectric breakdowns to create local randomly oriented currents. The propellant also includes polar molecules. The polar molecules in the attenuation zone absorb microwave energy causing the molecules to rapidly vibrate thereby increasing the temperature of the propellant. The increase in temperature and the local current densities together establish an ignition condition to ignite and sustain ignition of an ignition surface of the attenuation zone as the zone regresses without igniting the remaining bulk of the propellant.

Microwave energy is used to ignite and control the ignition of electrically operated propellant to produce high-pressure gas. The propellant includes conductive particles that act as a free source of electrons. Incoming microwave energy accumulates electric charge in an attenuation zone, which is discharged in the form of dielectric breakdowns to create local randomly oriented currents. The propellant also includes polar molecules. The polar molecules in the attenuation zone absorb microwave energy causing the molecules to rapidly vibrate thereby increasing the temperature of the propellant. The increase in temperature and the local current densities together establish an ignition condition to ignite and sustain ignition of an ignition surface of the attenuation zone as the zone regresses without igniting the remaining bulk of the propellant.

Described are energetic compositions formed of a 5,5-bistetrazole salt and a perchlorate salt, in which the energetic composition is a co-precipitated product. The 5,5-bistetrazole salt and the perchlorate salt can be dipotassium 5,5-bistetrazole and potassium perchlorate. The energetic composition can have a particle size distribution between 1-50 micron and/or a mean volume diameter of less than 30 micron. In a low energy electro-explosive device, an ignition element is at least partially surrounded by an acceptor formed of this energetic composition, and the ignition element can be a bridgewire, a thin film bridge, a semiconductor bridge, or a reactive semiconductor bridge.

A pyrotechnic composition includes a fuel, an oxidizer, flow and rate control agents and oleoresin capsicum as an irritant. The composition is useful in crowd control products. The composition contains rate control ingredients to maintain combustion at a temperature below the point of degradation of the oleoresin capsicum, balanced with a booster material to maintain combustion.

A gas generator is provided, the gas generator having a propellant cushion that prevents movement of propellant wafers, tablets, or grains by providing a bias thereagainst. Furthermore, the cushion may be formed from a polyurethane-based foam material and if desired, a known oxidizer combined within the foam. Channels inherent within the polyurethane-based foam enhance the combustion of the main gas generant. Alternatively, the substituted polyurethane polymer combined with an oxidizer may be formed as a monolithic grain that provides autoignition and gas generant function in lieu of a primary gas generant or in lieu of an igniter composition, for example.

A gas generator is provided, the gas generator having a propellant cushion that prevents movement of propellant wafers, tablets, or grains by providing a bias thereagainst. Furthermore, the cushion may be formed from a polyurethane-based foam material and if desired, a known oxidizer combined within the foam. Channels inherent within the polyurethane-based foam enhance the combustion of the main gas generant. Alternatively, the substituted polyurethane polymer combined with an oxidizer may be formed as a monolithic grain that provides autoignition and gas generant function in lieu of a primary gas generant or in lieu of an igniter composition, for example.