The present application belongs to the field of compounds, and particularly relates to the perovskite-type compound ABX.sub.3. As a finding of the present application, the structural characteristics of the perovskite type enables the type of compound to be highly stable, thus overcoming the unsafety of an explosive having poor stability in the prior art. Meanwhile, the structural characteristics of the compound, such as rich energetic ligands, as well as the alternately arranged oxidizing energetic anions and reducing organic cations in the space, endow the compound with excellent performance on instantaneously releasing energy at detonation. The resulting three-dimensional structure allows the compound to not only have an energetic material effect but also overcome shortcomings of some existing energetic materials.

The present application belongs to the field of compounds, and particularly relates to the perovskite-type compound ABX.sub.3. As a finding of the present application, the structural characteristics of the perovskite type enables the type of compound to be highly stable, thus overcoming the unsafety of an explosive having poor stability in the prior art. Meanwhile, the structural characteristics of the compound, such as rich energetic ligands, as well as the alternately arranged oxidizing energetic anions and reducing organic cations in the space, endow the compound with excellent performance on instantaneously releasing energy at detonation. The resulting three-dimensional structure allows the compound to not only have an energetic material effect but also overcome shortcomings of some existing energetic materials.

A nanoparticle of a decomposition product of a transition metal aluminum hydride compound, a transition metal borohydride compound, or a transition metal gallium hydride compound. A process of: reacting a transition metal salt with an aluminum hydride compound, a borohydride compound, or a gallium hydride compound to produce one or more of the nanoparticles. The reaction occurs in solution while being sonicated at a temperature at which the metal hydride compound decomposes. A process of: reacting a nanoparticle with a compound containing at least two hydroxyl groups to form a coating having multi-dentate metal-alkoxides.

A nanoparticle of a decomposition product of a transition metal aluminum hydride compound, a transition metal borohydride compound, or a transition metal gallium hydride compound. A process of: reacting a transition metal salt with an aluminum hydride compound, a borohydride compound, or a gallium hydride compound to produce one or more of the nanoparticles. The reaction occurs in solution while being sonicated at a temperature at which the metal hydride compound decomposes. A process of: reacting a nanoparticle with a compound containing at least two hydroxyl groups to form a coating having multi-dentate metal-alkoxides.

Provided is a gas generating composition which can maintain stable combustion performance even under variation of ambient temperature. The gas generating composition includes (a) a fuel and (b) an oxidizing agent and meets the following requirements (I) and (II): (I) a combustion temperature at a time of ignition and combustion at any ambient temperature within a range of 40 C. to 85 C. is a melting point of a substance included in a combustion residue; and (II) a difference between combustion temperatures at the time of ignition and combustion at ambient temperatures of 40 C. and 85 C. is less than 125 K.

Provided is a gas generating composition which can maintain stable combustion performance even under variation of ambient temperature. The gas generating composition includes (a) a fuel and (b) an oxidizing agent and meets the following requirements (I) and (II): (I) a combustion temperature at a time of ignition and combustion at any ambient temperature within a range of 40 C. to 85 C. is a melting point of a substance included in a combustion residue; and (II) a difference between combustion temperatures at the time of ignition and combustion at ambient temperatures of 40 C. and 85 C. is less than 125 K.

A hydrogen fuel including a safety marker and a method and apparatus for adding the safety marker to the hydrogen fuel. The hydrogen fuel may be stored in a tank in a liquid phase and then heated to at least one of a gaseous phase and a supercritical phase. The safety marker may be added to the hydrogen fuel when the hydrogen fuel is in the at least one of the gaseous phase and the supercritical phase after heating the hydrogen fuel. The hydrogen fuel may be delivered in the at least one of the gaseous phase and the supercritical phase to a power generator, such as a gas turbine engine. The safety marker may be a visual safety marker, such as a noble gas, or an odorant.

A hydrogen fuel including a safety marker and a method and apparatus for adding the safety marker to the hydrogen fuel. The hydrogen fuel may be stored in a tank in a liquid phase and then heated to at least one of a gaseous phase and a supercritical phase. The safety marker may be added to the hydrogen fuel when the hydrogen fuel is in the at least one of the gaseous phase and the supercritical phase after heating the hydrogen fuel. The hydrogen fuel may be delivered in the at least one of the gaseous phase and the supercritical phase to a power generator, such as a gas turbine engine. The safety marker may be a visual safety marker, such as a noble gas, or an odorant.

A method for producing the pentazolate anion, includes at least the oxidation of a phenolic arylpentazole by a particular hypervalent iodine oxidant in the presence of a base.

A method for producing the pentazolate anion, includes at least the oxidation of a phenolic arylpentazole by a particular hypervalent iodine oxidant in the presence of a base.