A combustion tool fuel cell is provided having enhanced low temperature operation, including a fuel composition comprising at least one hydrocarbon component with a total vapor pressure equal or above 95 psig at 21° C.

A chemical reaction heat source for use in heaters used in down-hole applications is provided. The heat source has a fuel composition that comprises thermite and a damping agent. The use of the thermite mix enables the heaters of the present invention to generate hotter temperatures down wells. This in turn allows the use of Bismuth/Germanium alloys, which have higher melting points, to enable the production of plugs for the abandonment of deeper wells where subterranean temperatures are higher.

A chemical reaction heat source for use in heaters used in down-hole applications is provided. The heat source has a fuel composition that comprises thermite and a damping agent. The use of the thermite mix enables the heaters of the present invention to generate hotter temperatures down wells. This in turn allows the use of Bismuth/Germanium alloys, which have higher melting points, to enable the production of plugs for the abandonment of deeper wells where subterranean temperatures are higher.

The present invention relates to a hypergolic two-component system for rocket engines, including a fuel and an oxidising agent provided in a manner separated from one another and can be reacted in a rocket engine by bringing them into contact with one another. The fuel is an ionic liquid comprising a thiocyanate anion and one or more cations. The cation or cations are selected from one or more imidazolium ions of the general formula I, triazolium ions of the general formula II or III, and/or tetrazolium ions of the general formula IV, where R.sub.1is a C.sub.1- to C.sub.6-alkyl radical or a C.sub.2- to C.sub.6-alkenyl radical, where R.sub.2 is hydrogen or a C.sub.1- to C.sub.6-alkyl radical or a C.sub.2- to C.sub.6-alkenyl radical, and where X.sub.1, X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 are each independently hydrogen, a C.sub.1- to C.sub.6-alkyl radical or a C.sub.2- to C.sub.6-alkenyl radical, and the oxidising agent comprises hydrogen peroxide.

The present invention relates to a hypergolic two-component system for rocket engines, including a fuel and an oxidising agent provided in a manner separated from one another and can be reacted in a rocket engine by bringing them into contact with one another. The fuel is an ionic liquid comprising a thiocyanate anion and one or more cations. The cation or cations are selected from one or more imidazolium ions of the general formula I, triazolium ions of the general formula II or III, and/or tetrazolium ions of the general formula IV, where R.sub.1is a C.sub.1- to C.sub.6-alkyl radical or a C.sub.2- to C.sub.6-alkenyl radical, where R.sub.2 is hydrogen or a C.sub.1- to C.sub.6-alkyl radical or a C.sub.2- to C.sub.6-alkenyl radical, and where X.sub.1, X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 are each independently hydrogen, a C.sub.1- to C.sub.6-alkyl radical or a C.sub.2- to C.sub.6-alkenyl radical, and the oxidising agent comprises hydrogen peroxide.

A blasting explosive composition containing a solid inorganic oxidising salt as the oxidizer component, a hydrocarbon liquid as the fuel component, and a binding agent. The composition can also contain an ammonium nitrate based emulsion. The binding agent can increase the water resistance, or increase the sleep time, of the explosive composition, or increase the fuel oil absorbency of the solid inorganic oxidising salt. The binding agent is selected from one or more of a long chain carboxylic acid and its salts and derivatives, especially those having from 8 to 100 or preferably 10 to 50 carbon units. The binding agent may preferably be selected from one or more of: dimer acid, trimer acid, polyisobutylene succinic anhydride, oleic acid, stearic acid, sorbitan tristearate, and their salts and esters.

A blasting explosive composition containing a solid inorganic oxidising salt as the oxidizer component, a hydrocarbon liquid as the fuel component, and a binding agent. The composition can also contain an ammonium nitrate based emulsion. The binding agent can increase the water resistance, or increase the sleep time, of the explosive composition, or increase the fuel oil absorbency of the solid inorganic oxidising salt. The binding agent is selected from one or more of a long chain carboxylic acid and its salts and derivatives, especially those having from 8 to 100 or preferably 10 to 50 carbon units. The binding agent may preferably be selected from one or more of: dimer acid, trimer acid, polyisobutylene succinic anhydride, oleic acid, stearic acid, sorbitan tristearate, and their salts and esters.

The present invention comprises an apparatus and a method providing a much safer alternative employing a highly confined combustion reaction of a flammable vapor, whereas dynamite is a category 1.1 high explosive imbued with all the attendant safety and security concerns. The method of the present invention provides for an improved and safer method of blasting employing a highly confined combustion reaction of a flammable vapor instead of conventional explosives currently used.

Detection reagent for an analyte comprising an NO.sub.x group, wherein the detection reagent comprises an arylamine, and a structural formula of the arylamine is selected from the structural formulae 1, 2 and 3:

##STR00001##

or of the formulae 4 or 5:

##STR00002##

where R.sub.1 and R.sub.7 are selected from CO.sub.2or PhCO.sub.2X with X=4-iodophenyl; 4-bromophenyl or 4-chlorophenyl; 4-vinylphenyl or 4-allylphenyl; or

R.sub.1 and R.sub.7 are selected from CO.sub.2Y or PhCO.sub.2Y with Y=2-methyl-3-pentyn-2-yl or 3-tert-butyl-4,4-dimethyl-1-pentyn-3-yl, or R.sub.7 is selected from CO.sub.2Z, PhCO.sub.2Z, C(O)NZ.sub.2 or PhC(O)NZ.sub.2 with (Z=alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, vinyl, allyl, homoallyl, aryl); where R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, and/or R.sub.5 are independently selected from H, F, an alkyl and an aryl; and where R.sub.6 is selected from an alkyl and an aryl.

Detection reagent for an analyte comprising an NO.sub.x group, wherein the detection reagent comprises an arylamine, and a structural formula of the arylamine is selected from the structural formulae 1, 2 and 3:

##STR00001##

or of the formulae 4 or 5:

##STR00002##

where R.sub.1 and R.sub.7 are selected from CO.sub.2or PhCO.sub.2X with X=4-iodophenyl; 4-bromophenyl or 4-chlorophenyl; 4-vinylphenyl or 4-allylphenyl; or

R.sub.1 and R.sub.7 are selected from CO.sub.2Y or PhCO.sub.2Y with Y=2-methyl-3-pentyn-2-yl or 3-tert-butyl-4,4-dimethyl-1-pentyn-3-yl, or R.sub.7 is selected from CO.sub.2Z, PhCO.sub.2Z, C(O)NZ.sub.2 or PhC(O)NZ.sub.2 with (Z=alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, vinyl, allyl, homoallyl, aryl); where R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, and/or R.sub.5 are independently selected from H, F, an alkyl and an aryl; and where R.sub.6 is selected from an alkyl and an aryl.