The invention relates to a reactor system for continuous flow reactions that comprises at least two blocks (1, 2), two interlayers (8, 9) and a contact pressure device, and at least one inlet (10) and one outlet (11), wherein the first block (1), the interlayers (8, 9) and the second block (2) form a stacked arrangement fixed by the contact pressure device and, in the reactor system, at least one interlayer comprises a sealing layer (8) and one interlayer comprises channel structure element (9) comprising a reaction channel, wherein the inlet (10) is functionally connected to the inlet side of the reaction channel and the outlet (11) to the outlet side of the reaction channel, and the stacked arrangement is detachable.

The invention relates to a reactor system for continuous flow reactions that comprises at least two blocks (1, 2), two interlayers (8, 9) and a contact pressure device, and at least one inlet (10) and one outlet (11), wherein the first block (1), the interlayers (8, 9) and the second block (2) form a stacked arrangement fixed by the contact pressure device and, in the reactor system, at least one interlayer comprises a sealing layer (8) and one interlayer comprises channel structure element (9) comprising a reaction channel, wherein the inlet (10) is functionally connected to the inlet side of the reaction channel and the outlet (11) to the outlet side of the reaction channel, and the stacked arrangement is detachable.

An integrated process is useful for producing 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and/or a derivative thereof from a six-carbon sugar-containing feed. The process includes a) dehydrating a feed containing a six-carbon sugar unit, in the presence of a bromine source and of a solvent, to generate an oxidation feed that contains at least one of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and/or a derivative or derivatives of HMF in the solvent, together with at least one bromine containing species; b) contacting the oxidation feed from step (a) with a metal catalyst and with an oxygen source under oxidation conditions to produce an oxidation product mixture of at least FDCA and/or a derivative thereof, the solvent, and a residual catalyst: c) purifying and separating the mixture obtained in step (b) to obtain FDCA and/or a derivative thereof and the solvent; and d) recycling at least a portion of the solvent obtained in step (c) to step (a).

An integrated process is useful for producing 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and/or a derivative thereof from a six-carbon sugar-containing feed. The process includes a) dehydrating a feed containing a six-carbon sugar unit, in the presence of a bromine source and of a solvent, to generate an oxidation feed that contains at least one of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and/or a derivative or derivatives of HMF in the solvent, together with at least one bromine containing species; b) contacting the oxidation feed from step (a) with a metal catalyst and with an oxygen source under oxidation conditions to produce an oxidation product mixture of at least FDCA and/or a derivative thereof, the solvent, and a residual catalyst: c) purifying and separating the mixture obtained in step (b) to obtain FDCA and/or a derivative thereof and the solvent; and d) recycling at least a portion of the solvent obtained in step (c) to step (a).

There is disclosed an electrochemical deblocking solution for use on an electrode microarray. There is further disclosed a method for electrochemical synthesis on an electrode array using the electrochemical deblocking solution. The solution and method are for removing acid-labile protecting groups for synthesis of oligonucleotides, peptides, small molecules, or polymers on a microarray of electrodes while substantially improving isolation of deblocking to active electrodes. The method comprises applying a voltage or a current to at least one electrode of an array of electrodes. The array of electrodes is covered by the electrochemical deblocking solution.

There is disclosed an electrochemical deblocking solution for use on an electrode microarray. There is further disclosed a method for electrochemical synthesis on an electrode array using the electrochemical deblocking solution. The solution and method are for removing acid-labile protecting groups for synthesis of oligonucleotides, peptides, small molecules, or polymers on a microarray of electrodes while substantially improving isolation of deblocking to active electrodes. The method comprises applying a voltage or a current to at least one electrode of an array of electrodes. The array of electrodes is covered by the electrochemical deblocking solution.

Catalysts prepared from abundant, cost effective metals, such as cobalt, nickel, chromium, manganese, iron, and copper, and containing one or more neutrally charged ligands (e.g., monodentate, bidentate, and/or polydentate ligands) and methods of making and using thereof are described herein. Exemplary ligands include, but are not limited to, phosphine ligands, nitrogen-based ligands, sulfur-based ligands, and/or arsenic-based ligands. In some embodiments, the catalyst is a cobalt-based catalyst or a nickel-based catalyst. The catalysts described herein are stable and active at neutral pH and in a wide range of buffers that are both weak and strong proton acceptors. While its activity is slightly lower than state of the art cobalt-based water oxidation catalysts under some conditions, it is capable of sustaining electrolysis at high applied potentials without a significant degradation in catalytic current. This enhanced robustness gives it an advantage in industrial and large-scale water electrolysis schemes.

Catalysts prepared from abundant, cost effective metals, such as cobalt, nickel, chromium, manganese, iron, and copper, and containing one or more neutrally charged ligands (e.g., monodentate, bidentate, and/or polydentate ligands) and methods of making and using thereof are described herein. Exemplary ligands include, but are not limited to, phosphine ligands, nitrogen-based ligands, sulfur-based ligands, and/or arsenic-based ligands. In some embodiments, the catalyst is a cobalt-based catalyst or a nickel-based catalyst. The catalysts described herein are stable and active at neutral pH and in a wide range of buffers that are both weak and strong proton acceptors. While its activity is slightly lower than state of the art cobalt-based water oxidation catalysts under some conditions, it is capable of sustaining electrolysis at high applied potentials without a significant degradation in catalytic current. This enhanced robustness gives it an advantage in industrial and large-scale water electrolysis schemes.

Provided is a production method of kakeromycin and a derivative thereof showing an antifungal activity and cytotoxicity and expected as a new antifungal agent or anticancer agent, by chemical synthesis. A production method of a compound represented by the formula (1): ##STR00001##
wherein R is an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group or an optionally substituted heterocyclic group; and n is 0 or 1, or a salt thereof, including a step of subjecting a compound represented by the formula (2): ##STR00002##
wherein R and n are as defined above, or a salt thereof, to an oxidation reaction.

Provided is a production method of kakeromycin and a derivative thereof showing an antifungal activity and cytotoxicity and expected as a new antifungal agent or anticancer agent, by chemical synthesis. A production method of a compound represented by the formula (1): ##STR00001##
wherein R is an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group or an optionally substituted heterocyclic group; and n is 0 or 1, or a salt thereof, including a step of subjecting a compound represented by the formula (2): ##STR00002##
wherein R and n are as defined above, or a salt thereof, to an oxidation reaction.