Methods described herein relate to a partial reduction of esters to aldehydes or nitrogen-containing products facilitated by Group IV transition metal catalysts, using hydrosilanes as the reductant. The method allows the product to be preserved at the aldehyde oxidation level rather than over-reduction to the corresponding alcohol and can result in the formation of value-added recycled monomers. Methods described herein can be used for the direct catalytic chemical upcycling of polyester plastic waste through depolymerization transformations.

The present invention relates to catalyst compositions. More particularly, the present invention relates catalyst compositions comprising at least one alkyl bridge group. The catalyst of the present invention has been shown to provide higher filterability than provided by non-bridged catalysts when used in ester reactions, and provide lower extractability than provided by non-bridged catalysts when used in urethane reactions. The present invention is expected to be catalytically active in the same way to all ester bonds, urethane bonds, silicones, siloxanes, organic tins.

The present invention relates to catalyst compositions. More particularly, the present invention relates catalyst compositions comprising at least one alkyl bridge group. The catalyst of the present invention has been shown to provide higher filterability than provided by non-bridged catalysts when used in ester reactions, and provide lower extractability than provided by non-bridged catalysts when used in urethane reactions. The present invention is expected to be catalytically active in the same way to all ester bonds, urethane bonds, silicones, siloxanes, organic tins.

Bifunctional conjugate compositions are provided comprising a Signal-1 moiety bound to a first polymer carrier, wherein the combined size of the Signal-1 moiety and the first polymer carrier is about 1 nanometer to about 500 nanometers; and a Signal-2 moiety bound to a second polymer carrier, wherein the combined size of the Signal-2 moiety and the second polymer carrier is about 1 nanometer to about 500 nanometers. In some embodiments, the Signal-1 moiety and the Signal-2 moiety are bound to the same polymer carrier. Associated methods are also provided.

Stereoselective and regioselective synthesis of compounds via nucleophilic ring opening reactions of aziridinium ions for use in stereoselective and regioselective synthesis of therapeutic and diagnostic compounds.