The present invention is a compound represented by the following general formula (1). ##STR00001##

The present invention is a compound represented by the following general formula (1). ##STR00001##

The present invention relates to a method of producing a chitin oligomer, including subjecting chitin-containing biomass to partial hydrolysis while pulverizing the chitin-containing biomass with a pulverization apparatus in the co-presence of water and an acid catalyst selected from phosphoric acid, nitrous acid, and an organic acid (Method 1); a method of producing N-acetylglucosamine, including hydrolyzing a chitin oligomer obtained by the Method 1 by adding water thereto, followed by heating (Method 2); and a method of producing a 1-O-alkyl-N-acetylglucosamine, including alcoholyzing a chitin oligomer by adding an alcohol thereto (Method 3).

A production method for producing a 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid derivative, involves subjecting an aqueous ammonia solution of 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid to heat concentration, thereby precipitating a 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid derivative as a crystal.

A diphenylsulfone compound containing 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylsulfone is produced in good yield in a short time and at a relatively low temperature. A diphenylsulfone compound represented by formula (2) below is produced by irradiating, with microwaves, a compound represented by formula (1) below and a sulfonating agent so that a dehydration condensation reaction is carried out. ##STR00001##

Provided are a fluorine-containing ether compound that can form a surface layer that excels in durability and a method of manufacturing the same, a fluorine-containing ether composition and a coating liquid, and an article having a surface layer that excels in durability and a method of manufacturing the same. A fluorine-containing ether compound is expressed by the following formula (A1) or (A2):

{R.sup.fO—(R.sup.f1O).sub.m1—(R.sup.1).sub.m2—(CHF).sub.m3—O—(CHF).sub.m4}.sub.n1-Q.sup.1(-T.sup.1).sub.n2   Formula (A1)

(T.sup.2).sub.n3-Q.sup.2-(CHF).sub.m5—O—(CHF).sub.m6—(R.sup.2).sub.m7—O—(R.sup.f2O).sub.m8—(R.sup.3).sub.m9—(CHF).sub.m10—O—(CHF).sub.m11-Q.sup.3(-T.sup.3).sub.n4  Formula (A2), in the above, the symbols in the formulas are as described in the specification.

According to the present invention, a fluorine-containing (cyclo)alkenyl zinc halide compound can be obtained in a high yield by reacting a halogenated olefin compound represented by formula (2):

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are as defined above, X.sup.2 represents a halogen atom, and a single bond expressed with a wavy line indicates that the steric configuration with respect to a double bond to which the single bond is connected is E configuration, Z configuration, or a mixture of E configuration and Z configuration in any ratio, with a zinc halide compound represented by formula (3): ZnX.sup.1 (3), wherein X.sup.1 is as defined above, in the presence of a zerovalent alkali metal.

An object of the present invention is to provide a catalyst ensuring that when a gas-phase catalytic oxidation reaction of a material substance is conducted using a catalyst to produce a target substance, the pressure loss and coking are suppressed and the target substance can be produced in high yield. The present invention is related to a ring-shaped catalyst having a straight body part and a hollow body part, which is used when a gas-phase catalytic oxidation reaction of a material substance is conducted to produce a target substance, wherein a length of the straight body part is shorter than a length of the hollow body part and at least at one end part, a region from an end part of the straight body part to an end part of the hollow body part is concavely curved.

The present invention provides a novel process for preparing the compound I containing the compound [I(A)] (vadadustat) and the compound [I(B)] (roxadustat) which are useful as a medicine in an industrially advantageous manner, and a process for preparing the compound I which comprises reacting the compound (a1) or the compound (b1), the compound (2) or salts of the compound (2), with carbon monoxide in the presence of a palladium catalyst, in the presence or absence of a ligand, in the presence of a base, in a solvent to prepare the compound I (wherein structure formulae of the compound (a1), the compound (b1) or the compound (2), and the definitions of groups in the formulae are defined in the Description).

##STR00001##

The present invention relates to a catalyst including: a porous carrier including at least one element X selected from the group consisting of elements belonging to Groups 13 and 14 of the periodic table; an oxide of at least one metal element A selected from the group consisting of elements belonging to Groups 3 to 6 of the periodic table; and at least one oxide of a metal element B selected from the group consisting of elements belonging to Group 2 and Groups 7 to 12 of the periodic table, wherein at least a part of the oxide of the metal element A is bonded to the porous carrier.