An integrated process is useful for producing 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and/or a derivative thereof from a six-carbon sugar-containing feed. The process includes a) dehydrating a feed containing a six-carbon sugar unit, in the presence of a bromine source and of a solvent, to generate an oxidation feed that contains at least one of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and/or a derivative or derivatives of HMF in the solvent, together with at least one bromine containing species; b) contacting the oxidation feed from step (a) with a metal catalyst and with an oxygen source under oxidation conditions to produce an oxidation product mixture of at least FDCA and/or a derivative thereof, the solvent, and a residual catalyst; c) purifying and separating the mixture obtained in step (b) to obtain FDCA and/or a derivative thereof and the solvent; and d) recycling at least a portion of the solvent obtained in step (c) to step (a).

An integrated process is useful for producing 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and/or a derivative thereof from a six-carbon sugar-containing feed. The process includes a) dehydrating a feed containing a six-carbon sugar unit, in the presence of a bromine source and of a solvent, to generate an oxidation feed that contains at least one of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and/or a derivative or derivatives of HMF in the solvent, together with at least one bromine containing species; b) contacting the oxidation feed from step (a) with a metal catalyst and with an oxygen source under oxidation conditions to produce an oxidation product mixture of at least FDCA and/or a derivative thereof, the solvent, and a residual catalyst; c) purifying and separating the mixture obtained in step (b) to obtain FDCA and/or a derivative thereof and the solvent; and d) recycling at least a portion of the solvent obtained in step (c) to step (a).

The invention relates to a process for preparing cyclic organic carbonates, characterized in that an epoxide is initially charged in the presence of CO.sub.2 and then a catalyst is added.

An ion mobility spectrometry apparatus and method used to separate ions and select some of the ions using an AC gate; the selected ions are further separated along a drift axis of a drift tube, where the AC gate is controlled using a series of AC voltages and/or frequencies to select different ions for the drift tube.

An ion mobility spectrometry apparatus and method used to separate ions and select some of the ions using an AC gate; the selected ions are further separated along a drift axis of a drift tube, where the AC gate is controlled using a series of AC voltages and/or frequencies to select different ions for the drift tube.

A method is provided to purify [F-18]FEONM under a high pressure. The synthesis processes of [F-18]FEONM are integrated. An isolation process of non-toxic radio-high performance liquid chromatography (radio-HPLC) is used to purify the crude product. The method integrates a convention [F-18]FDG synthesizer and a novel radio-HPLC system together in a heat chamber. After radiofluorinating the precursor, the reaction product is purified with an alumina solid-phase column in advance to obtain the crude product while fluorine-18 is removed. Then, diphenyl semipreparative HPLC column is used for a final purification. A non-toxic solvent is used for mobile-phase eluting to remove the unreacted precursor and the phase-transfer solvent. The radiofluorination has a reaction yield about 50 percent (%). The method has an uncorrected radiochemical yield of 10˜20%. Both of the radio-HPLC and the radio-thin layer chromatography (radio-TLC) have radiochemical purity higher than 95%.

A method is provided to purify [F-18]FEONM under a high pressure. The synthesis processes of [F-18]FEONM are integrated. An isolation process of non-toxic radio-high performance liquid chromatography (radio-HPLC) is used to purify the crude product. The method integrates a convention [F-18]FDG synthesizer and a novel radio-HPLC system together in a heat chamber. After radiofluorinating the precursor, the reaction product is purified with an alumina solid-phase column in advance to obtain the crude product while fluorine-18 is removed. Then, diphenyl semipreparative HPLC column is used for a final purification. A non-toxic solvent is used for mobile-phase eluting to remove the unreacted precursor and the phase-transfer solvent. The radiofluorination has a reaction yield about 50 percent (%). The method has an uncorrected radiochemical yield of 10˜20%. Both of the radio-HPLC and the radio-thin layer chromatography (radio-TLC) have radiochemical purity higher than 95%.

The present invention relates to improving the ability of a hyphenated instrument to analyze a sample benefiting from having the first instrument's analysis of the same sample. A fast switching mechanism can be used as the interface between an ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) and a mass spectrometer (MS) such that the obtained IMS spectrum is converted into a timing diagram that controls the vacuum inlet's size dynamically during analysis of a neutral and/or charged chemical and/or biological species such that a smaller pumping system can be used. In various operational modes of the IMS-MS device, mobility-separated ions are allowed to pass through an ion gate and the vacuum inlet for mass analysis.

The present invention relates to improving the ability of a hyphenated instrument to analyze a sample benefiting from having the first instrument's analysis of the same sample. A fast switching mechanism can be used as the interface between an ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) and a mass spectrometer (MS) such that the obtained IMS spectrum is converted into a timing diagram that controls the vacuum inlet's size dynamically during analysis of a neutral and/or charged chemical and/or biological species such that a smaller pumping system can be used. In various operational modes of the IMS-MS device, mobility-separated ions are allowed to pass through an ion gate and the vacuum inlet for mass analysis.

A process for the separation of a substance from a liquid feed mixture and for the purification of the substance by fractional layer crystallization, wherein the liquid feed mixture comprises the substance to be separated and purified in a concentration of less than 50% by weight, which comprises the subsequent steps in the given order: (a) feeding the liquid feed mixture into a crystallization zone, in which at least one surface is provided, so that at least a part of the surface contacts the liquid feed mixture, (b) cooling the at least one surface of the crystallization zone to a temperature below the equilibrium freezing temperature of the liquid feed mixture so that a crystal layer enriched in the substance to be separated and purified is deposited on the at least one cooled surface, whereby a mother liquid having a lower concentration of the substance to be separated and purified than the liquid feed mixture is formed from the liquid feed mixture, (c) removing at least a portion of the mother liquid from the crystallization zone, (d) adding a further portion of liquid feed mixture into the crystallization zone, (e) allowing further deposition of a crystal layer enriched in the substance to be separated and purified to take place on the at least one cooled surface, (f) optionally carrying out a sweating stage and removing a sweating residue and (g) melting the crystal layer to obtain the separated and purified substance.