Methods described herein enable the production of numerous molecular species through decarboxylative cross-coupling via use of photoredox and transition metal catalysts. For example, methods described herein enable the production of numerous molecular species through decarboxylative cross-coupling via use of photoredox and transition metal catalysts. A method described herein, in some embodiments, comprises providing a reaction mixture including a photoredox catalyst, a transition metal catalyst, a coupling partner and a substrate having a carboxyl group. The reaction mixture is irradiated with a radiation source resulting in cross-coupling of the substrate and coupling partner via a mechanism including decarboxylation, wherein the coupling partner is selected from the group consisting of a substituted aromatic compound and a substituted aliphatic compound.

The invention provides a process for the preparation of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propylene glycol from starting material comprising one or more saccharide, wherein the process comprises the steps of: i) providing the starting material and hydrogen to a first reactor and reacting said starting material and hydrogen therein in the presence of a solvent and a first catalyst system comprising a retro-aldol catalyst composition and a hydrogenation catalyst composition; ii) continuously removing a first reactor product stream from the first reactor, said first reactor product stream comprising ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol and in the range of from 2 to 40 wt % of sugar alcohols; iii) contacting said first reactor product stream in a second reactor in the presence of hydrogen with a second catalyst system comprising at least a hydrogenation catalyst composition; and iv) converting a portion of the sugar alcohols in the second reactor into ethylene glycol and/or 1,2-propylene glycol to provide a second reactor product stream comprising ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol and in the range of from 10 to 80% of the amount of sugar alcohols present in the first reactor product stream.

The invention provides a process for the preparation of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propylene glycol from starting material comprising one or more saccharide, wherein the process comprises the steps of: i) providing the starting material and hydrogen to a first reactor and reacting said starting material and hydrogen therein in the presence of a solvent and a first catalyst system comprising a retro-aldol catalyst composition and a hydrogenation catalyst composition; ii) continuously removing a first reactor product stream from the first reactor, said first reactor product stream comprising ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol and in the range of from 2 to 40 wt % of sugar alcohols; iii) contacting said first reactor product stream in a second reactor in the presence of hydrogen with a second catalyst system comprising at least a hydrogenation catalyst composition; and iv) converting a portion of the sugar alcohols in the second reactor into ethylene glycol and/or 1,2-propylene glycol to provide a second reactor product stream comprising ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol and in the range of from 10 to 80% of the amount of sugar alcohols present in the first reactor product stream.

The present invention provides a new method for preparing the copper-containing silicoaluminate form of the AEI zeolite structure by means of a direct synthesis methodology. This new process involves combining a organometallic copper-complex with an additional organic molecule capable of directing the crystallization of the silicoaluminate form of the AEI zeolite structure as organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs).

The present invention provides a new method for preparing the copper-containing silicoaluminate form of the AEI zeolite structure by means of a direct synthesis methodology. This new process involves combining a organometallic copper-complex with an additional organic molecule capable of directing the crystallization of the silicoaluminate form of the AEI zeolite structure as organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs).

An organic-base functionalized silicalite-1 molecular sieve-encapsulated metal nanoparticles catalyst and a preparation method therefor, as well as a method for preparing 1,2-pentanediol from biomass-derived furfuryl alcohol by hydrogenolysis using said catalyst. When the catalyst is used in a reaction preparing 1,2-pentanediol from furfuryl alcohol by hydrogenolysis, the catalyst has high hydrogenolysis activity under relatively mild reaction conditions, significantly increasing the conversion rate of furfuryl alcohol and 1,2-pentanediol selectivity in the reaction, while also not generating obvious byproducts furfuryl alcohol polymers; the catalyst has good stability and long life, and may be recovered for reuse after the reaction is complete by means of a simple filtration, greatly reducing reaction costs and separation difficulty.

Utilizing the common knowledge formula for creation of methanol CO.sub.2+3H.sub.2.fwdarw.CH.sub.3OH+H.sub.2O; for each mole of carbon dioxide, three moles of hydrogen are needed to produce one equivalent unit of methanol. Mixing two gases and producing methanol can be accomplished per the one-line diagram concept, FIG. 1, and gas mixing apparatus, FIG. 2; under high pressure (from 3250 to 5000 psi) and high temperature (750 to 800 F.) without the presence of a catalyst. The hypothesis in this case is that the closer the mixing temperature is to the auto-ignition of hydrogen, the higher is the quality of the mixing environment. The mixing temperature in my invention is guided by the auto-ignition of hydrogen in this case (auto-ignition for hydrogen is 932 F. (or 500 C.) and the auto-ignition temperature for methanol is 867 F. (or 464 C.). After mixing the two gases, the result is methanol and water. The first step in this stage is to cool the substance by way of cooling tower, followed by a pressure lowering tank. Next is a separation process to separate methanol and water. By cooling the substance/mixture about 28.4 F. (2 C.), the water will freeze, turning into ice, and ice will be removed from methanol mechanically. Water and methanol then will be stored in appropriate tanks (FIG. 1).

A method for producing an alcohol having 8 or more and 22 or less carbon atoms includes the following steps: step 1: forming a porous layer on a surface of a porous material having a pore size mode of 30 nm or more and 200 nm or less to obtain a bimodal carrier; step 2: supporting cobalt on the bimodal carrier obtained in step 1 to obtain a catalyst having peaks of pore distribution in a range of 1 nm or more and 25 nm or less and a range of 30 nm or more and 200 nm or less, respectively; and step 3: reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen at a gauge pressure of 2 MPa or more and 100 MPa or less in the presence of the catalyst obtained in step 2.

A method for producing an alcohol having 8 or more and 22 or less carbon atoms includes the following steps: step 1: forming a porous layer on a surface of a porous material having a pore size mode of 30 nm or more and 200 nm or less to obtain a bimodal carrier; step 2: supporting cobalt on the bimodal carrier obtained in step 1 to obtain a catalyst having peaks of pore distribution in a range of 1 nm or more and 25 nm or less and a range of 30 nm or more and 200 nm or less, respectively; and step 3: reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen at a gauge pressure of 2 MPa or more and 100 MPa or less in the presence of the catalyst obtained in step 2.

Methods for preparing isotopically modified 1,4-diene systems from non-isotopically modified 1,4-dienes involve selective oxidation of one or more bis-allylic position(s), or the preparation of isotopically modified 1,4-diene systems via trapping pi-allylic complexes with a source of deuterium or tritium. Such methods are useful for preparing isotopically modified polyunsaturated lipid including polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acid derivatives.