A chemical reactor including: a plurality of heat exchange plates which between them define reaction compartments, in which reactor each heat exchange plate includes two walls between them defining at least one heat exchange space, the respective walls being fixed together by joining regions, and the reactor also comprises at least one injection device for injecting substance into the reaction compartments, said substance-injection device passing through the heat-exchange plates in respective joining regions thereof. Also, a chemical reaction process that can be carried out in this reactor.

A process for producing acrylic acid from carbonaceous materials such as biomass. The carbonaceous material, such as biomass, is gasified to produce synthesis gas. The synthesis gas then is subjected to a plurality of reactions to produce acrylic acid.

The invention discloses a method for producing bio-fuel (BF) from a high-viscosity biomass using thermo-chemical conversion of the biomass in a production line (10) with pumping means (PM), heating means (HM) and cooling means (CM). The method has the steps of 1) operating the pumping means, the heating means and the cooling means so that the production line is under supercritical fluid conditions (SCF) to induce biomass conversion in a conversion zone (CZ) within the production line, and 2) operating the pumping means so that at least part of the production line is in an oscillatory flow (OF) mode. The invention is advantageous for providing an improved method for producing biofuel from a high-viscosity biomass. This is performed by an advantageous combination of two operating modes: supercritical fluid (SCF) conditions and oscillatory flow (OF).

The invention discloses a method for producing bio-fuel (BF) from a high-viscosity biomass using thermo-chemical conversion of the biomass in a production line (10) with pumping means (PM), heating means (HM) and cooling means (CM). The method has the steps of 1) operating the pumping means, the heating means and the cooling means so that the production line is under supercritical fluid conditions (SCF) to induce biomass conversion in a conversion zone (CZ) within the production line, and 2) operating the pumping means so that at least part of the production line is in an oscillatory flow (OF) mode. The invention is advantageous for providing an improved method for producing biofuel from a high-viscosity biomass. This is performed by an advantageous combination of two operating modes: supercritical fluid (SCF) conditions and oscillatory flow (OF).

The disclosure relates to a method for producing levulinic acid in a molten salt hydrate from cellulose hydrolysis. An inorganic molten salt hydrate was prepared by mixing an inorganic salt with water, cellulose is added and stirred to dissolve, a solid catalyst is added and heated up for reaction to obtain a reactant, the reactant is cooled and subjected to a separation to obtain the levulinic acid, and the inorganic molten salt hydrate and the solid catalyst obtained after the separation are recycled, wherein the inorganic salt is one or more selected from the group consisting of LiCl, LiBr, CaBr.sub.2, Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2, LiNO.sub.3 and KNO.sub.3.

The disclosure relates to a method for producing levulinic acid in a molten salt hydrate from cellulose hydrolysis. An inorganic molten salt hydrate was prepared by mixing an inorganic salt with water, cellulose is added and stirred to dissolve, a solid catalyst is added and heated up for reaction to obtain a reactant, the reactant is cooled and subjected to a separation to obtain the levulinic acid, and the inorganic molten salt hydrate and the solid catalyst obtained after the separation are recycled, wherein the inorganic salt is one or more selected from the group consisting of LiCl, LiBr, CaBr.sub.2, Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2, LiNO.sub.3 and KNO.sub.3.

The disclosure relates to a method for producing levulinic acid in a molten salt hydrate from cellulose hydrolysis. An inorganic molten salt hydrate was prepared by mixing an inorganic salt with water, cellulose is added and stirred to dissolve, a solid catalyst is added and heated up for reaction to obtain a reactant, the reactant is cooled and subjected to a separation to obtain the levulinic acid, and the inorganic molten salt hydrate and the solid catalyst obtained after the separation are recycled, wherein the inorganic salt is one or more selected from the group consisting of LiCl, LiBr, CaBr.sub.2, Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2, LiNO.sub.3 and KNO.sub.3.

This invention relates to a method for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into ethyl esters of carboxylic acids. Said method consists of treating the biomass material with an oxidizing agent that is incorporated in an solution comprising one or more acids, one or more alcohols and water, and subsequently performing a catalytic reaction at a higher temperature using the same acidic solution into which a larger volume of alcohol is added, in such a way that the catalytic conversion occurs in a medium with a much higher concentration of alcohol, i.e. with a much higher alcohol-to-water wt ratio. Such a method results in relatively high yields of ethyl esters, such as ethyl esters of formic, acetic, and levulinic acids, while producing a low yield of dialkyl ethers, which are unwanted by-products. The concentration of the oxidizing agent in the pre-treatment step is preferably higher than 6.0 wt %. The oxidizing agent is preferably a Fenton or Fenton-type reagent, and most preferably hydrogen peroxide activated by Fe (II), and/or Ti (IV) ions. The alcohol is preferably ethanol, and when ethanol is used, diethyl ether is formed as the unwanted dialkyl ether by-product. Preferably, the biomass material is pelleted before treatment.

A purified cyclohexanol of the present invention has a methylcyclopentanol concentration of 10 to 1000 ppm by weight and a cyclohexylcyclohexene isomer concentration of 15 to 500 ppm by weight. A method for producing cyclohexanol of the present invention comprises: Step 1 of producing a solution (I) containing cyclohexanol, methylcyclopentanol, and water by a hydration reaction of cyclohexene; Step 2 of separating the solution (I) into a water phase and an oil phase; Step 3 of obtaining a partially purified cyclohexanol containing methylcyclopentanol from the oil phase; and Step 4 of separating and removing methylcyclopentanol in the partially purified cyclohexanol so as to obtain a purified cyclohexanol having a methylcyclopentanol concentration of 10 to 1000 ppm by weight and a cyclohexylcyclohexene isomer concentration of 15 to 500 ppm by weight.

A method and integrated reactor system are provided for producing one or more organic acids, organic acid degradation compounds, and combinations thereof, from various types of biomass, including sludge from a pulp and paper mill.