A method of reducing an aromatic ring or a cyclic, allylic ether in a compound includes preparing a reaction mixture including a compound including an aromatic moiety or a cyclic, allylic ether moiety, an alkali metal, and either ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, or a combination thereof, in an ether solvent; and reacting the reaction mixture at from −20° C. to 30° C. for a time sufficient to reduce a double bond in the aromatic moiety to a single bond or to reduce the cyclic, allylic ether moiety.

A method of reducing an aromatic ring or a cyclic, allylic ether in a compound includes preparing a reaction mixture including a compound including an aromatic moiety or a cyclic, allylic ether moiety, an alkali metal, and either ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, or a combination thereof, in an ether solvent; and reacting the reaction mixture at from −20° C. to 30° C. for a time sufficient to reduce a double bond in the aromatic moiety to a single bond or to reduce the cyclic, allylic ether moiety.

A process for a reactive separation of organic molecules from biomass includes a reaction step for the biomass, a simultaneous extraction step using a solvent, and a filtration step to recover products, wherein the products comprise ferulic acid and/or coumaric acid. The products are extracted from the biomass in a pressurized stirred batch reactor using a liquid extraction solvent and a base in which the ferulate and the coumarate remain.

A process for a reactive separation of organic molecules from biomass includes a reaction step for the biomass, a simultaneous extraction step using a solvent, and a filtration step to recover products, wherein the products comprise ferulic acid and/or coumaric acid. The products are extracted from the biomass in a pressurized stirred batch reactor using a liquid extraction solvent and a base in which the ferulate and the coumarate remain.

The present invention provides a process for preparing 2-isopropenyl-5-methyl-4-hexenoic acid of the following formula (4), comprising steps of: subjecting a Grignard reagent of the following general formula (1), wherein R.sup.1 represents a linear, branched, or aromatic monovalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and X represents a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, or an iodine atom, and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane to a deprotonation reaction to form a 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane derivative; and subjecting 2-methyl-3-buten-2-yl 3-methyl-2-butenoate of the following formula (3) to a rearrangement reaction in the presence of the 1, 1, 1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane derivative to form 2-isopropenyl-5-methyl-4-hexenoic acid (4).

##STR00001##

The present invention provides a process for preparing 2-isopropenyl-5-methyl-4-hexenoic acid of the following formula (4), comprising steps of: subjecting a Grignard reagent of the following general formula (1), wherein R.sup.1 represents a linear, branched, or aromatic monovalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and X represents a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, or an iodine atom, and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane to a deprotonation reaction to form a 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane derivative; and subjecting 2-methyl-3-buten-2-yl 3-methyl-2-butenoate of the following formula (3) to a rearrangement reaction in the presence of the 1, 1, 1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane derivative to form 2-isopropenyl-5-methyl-4-hexenoic acid (4).

##STR00001##

The present invention relates to a method for total chemical synthesis of 9-cis-β-carotene (9CBC), and further provides stable formulations thereof.

The invention relates to a process for preparing a compound of (III)

##STR00001## wherein X is a leaving group; and R.sup.1 is C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl;
which comprises oxidative rearrangement of a compound of formula (II) or a solvate thereof

##STR00002##

Compounds of formula (III) are key intermediates in the synthesis of Bilastine.

The invention relates to a process for preparing a compound of (III)

##STR00001## wherein X is a leaving group; and R.sup.1 is C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl;
which comprises oxidative rearrangement of a compound of formula (II) or a solvate thereof

##STR00002##

Compounds of formula (III) are key intermediates in the synthesis of Bilastine.

Embodiments include a system that may include a reactor including a reaction zone and a gas release zone separated by a selectively permeable membrane, wherein the selectively permeable membrane permits hydrogen to pass through the membrane and substantially blocks a substrate and its dehydrogenative coupling product from passing through the membrane. Embodiments further include a method of producing a dehydrogenative coupling product, wherein the method may include exposing a substrate to a catalyst in a reaction zone of a reactor; coupling the substrate to form the dehydrogenative coupling product and hydrogen; and separating the hydrogen from the dehydrogenative coupling product using a selectively permeable membrane and passing the hydrogen to a gas release zone of the reactor.