Embodiments include a system that may include a reactor including a reaction zone and a gas release zone separated by a selectively permeable membrane, wherein the selectively permeable membrane permits hydrogen to pass through the membrane and substantially blocks a substrate and its dehydrogenative coupling product from passing through the membrane. Embodiments further include a method of producing a dehydrogenative coupling product, wherein the method may include exposing a substrate to a catalyst in a reaction zone of a reactor; coupling the substrate to form the dehydrogenative coupling product and hydrogen; and separating the hydrogen from the dehydrogenative coupling product using a selectively permeable membrane and passing the hydrogen to a gas release zone of the reactor.

Embodiments include a system that may include a reactor including a reaction zone and a gas release zone separated by a selectively permeable membrane, wherein the selectively permeable membrane permits hydrogen to pass through the membrane and substantially blocks a substrate and its dehydrogenative coupling product from passing through the membrane. Embodiments further include a method of producing a dehydrogenative coupling product, wherein the method may include exposing a substrate to a catalyst in a reaction zone of a reactor; coupling the substrate to form the dehydrogenative coupling product and hydrogen; and separating the hydrogen from the dehydrogenative coupling product using a selectively permeable membrane and passing the hydrogen to a gas release zone of the reactor.

A method for esterification of one or more carboxylic acid groups in a compound containing one or more carboxylic acid groups wherein the esterification reagent is a diazo-compound of formula: ##STR00001##
wherein the R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 groups of the diazo compound are selected such that the corresponding organic compound of formula: ##STR00002##
exhibits a —C—H pKa value between 18 and 29 as measured in DMSO. Specific reagents and methods for esterification are provided. The esterification reagents provided exhibit high selectivity for esterification of carboxylic acid groups over reaction with amine, alcohol or thiol groups in the compound containing one or more carboxylic acid groups. The method can be used to selectively esterify carboxylic acid groups in peptides or proteins.

A method for esterification of one or more carboxylic acid groups in a compound containing one or more carboxylic acid groups wherein the esterification reagent is a diazo-compound of formula: ##STR00001##
wherein the R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 groups of the diazo compound are selected such that the corresponding organic compound of formula: ##STR00002##
exhibits a —C—H pKa value between 18 and 29 as measured in DMSO. Specific reagents and methods for esterification are provided. The esterification reagents provided exhibit high selectivity for esterification of carboxylic acid groups over reaction with amine, alcohol or thiol groups in the compound containing one or more carboxylic acid groups. The method can be used to selectively esterify carboxylic acid groups in peptides or proteins.

The present invention relates to a process for preparing a (2-cyclopentenyl)acetate ester compound of general formula (2) as described herein, the process comprising: subjecting a haloacetaldehyde alkyl 2-cyclopentenyl acetal compound of general formula (1) as described herein to a dehydrohalogenation reaction in the presence of a base, followed by a rearrangement reaction to form the (2-cyclopentenyl)acetate ester compound of general formula (2). The present invention also relates to a process for preparing a (2-cyclopentenyl)acetic acid compound of general formula (3) as described herein, the process comprising hydrolyzing the (2-cyclopentenyl)acetate ester compound of general formula (2) to form the (2-cyclopentenyl)acetic acid compound of general formula (3). The present invention also relates to a haloacetaldehyde alkyl 2-cyclopentenyl acetal compound of general formula (1) as described herein.

The present invention relates to a process for preparing a (2-cyclopentenyl)acetate ester compound of general formula (2) as described herein, the process comprising: subjecting a haloacetaldehyde alkyl 2-cyclopentenyl acetal compound of general formula (1) as described herein to a dehydrohalogenation reaction in the presence of a base, followed by a rearrangement reaction to form the (2-cyclopentenyl)acetate ester compound of general formula (2). The present invention also relates to a process for preparing a (2-cyclopentenyl)acetic acid compound of general formula (3) as described herein, the process comprising hydrolyzing the (2-cyclopentenyl)acetate ester compound of general formula (2) to form the (2-cyclopentenyl)acetic acid compound of general formula (3). The present invention also relates to a haloacetaldehyde alkyl 2-cyclopentenyl acetal compound of general formula (1) as described herein.

The present invention relates to a process for preparing a (2-cyclopentenyl)acetate ester compound of general formula (2) as described herein, the process comprising: subjecting a haloacetaldehyde alkyl 2-cyclopentenyl acetal compound of general formula (1) as described herein to a dehydrohalogenation reaction in the presence of a base, followed by a rearrangement reaction to form the (2-cyclopentenyl)acetate ester compound of general formula (2). The present invention also relates to a process for preparing a (2-cyclopentenyl)acetic acid compound of general formula (3) as described herein, the process comprising hydrolyzing the (2-cyclopentenyl)acetate ester compound of general formula (2) to form the (2-cyclopentenyl)acetic acid compound of general formula (3). The present invention also relates to a haloacetaldehyde alkyl 2-cyclopentenyl acetal compound of general formula (1) as described herein.

Provided herein are solid state forms of compounds, including enantiomerically pure forms thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or co-crystals and prodrugs thereof which have glucagon receptor antagonist or inverse agonist activity. Further, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treating, preventing, ameliorating, delaying the time to onset or reducing the risk for the development or progression of at least one condition, disease, or disorder for which one or more glucagon receptor antagonist is indicated, including Type I and II diabetes, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, or ketosis.

Provided herein are solid state forms of compounds, including enantiomerically pure forms thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or co-crystals and prodrugs thereof which have glucagon receptor antagonist or inverse agonist activity. Further, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treating, preventing, ameliorating, delaying the time to onset or reducing the risk for the development or progression of at least one condition, disease, or disorder for which one or more glucagon receptor antagonist is indicated, including Type I and II diabetes, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, or ketosis.

The present invention provides a production method of α-fluoroacrylate ester, a composition containing a highly-pure fluorocyclopropane derivative and a composition containing highly-pure α-fluoroacrylate ester. The present invention relates to a method of producing a compound represented by the following formula (F), including subjecting a composition containing a compound represented by the following formula (A) to a purification treatment in the order of distillation and washing with an aqueous alkali solution to give a purified product containing a compound represented by the following formula (A), and subjecting the purified product to a thermal decomposition reaction, a composition containing a highly-pure compound represented by the following formula (A), and a composition containing a highly-pure compound represented by the following formula (F), wherein R may be the same or different and is a monovalent hydrocarbon group, and X is a halogen atom: ##STR00001##