A catalyst including: neodymium; sodium; and a ligand, which is a compound expressed by Structural Formula (1) below, wherein the neodymium and the ligand form a complex at a molar ratio of 1:2 (neodymium:ligand): ##STR00001##

The present disclosure concerns inhibitors of Norovirus protease that are suitable for use against any genotype of Norovirus, including at least GII.4 Norovirus proteases. In particular embodiments, specific compositions are encompassed, including their use for prevention or treatment of Norovirus infection in an individual.

The present invention includes novel substituted bicyclic (such as 4-substituted-chromane-8-carboxamide compounds), and compositions comprising the same, that can be used to treat or prevent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in a patient. In certain embodiments, the compounds and compositions of the invention are capsid inhibitors.

The invention provides branched trialkylamine oxides with improved properties. The trialkylamine oxides of the invention produced from branched trialkylamines, in one embodiment, can be made using certain branched C10-12 enals and aldehydes. The invention also provides an trialkylamine oxide having the formula:

##STR00001##

wherein R5, R6 and R7 are independently at least one of C3H7, C2H5, CH3, or H, or mixtures thereof; and wherein R5 and R6 are not H at the same time. In one embodiment, the trialkylamine oxides of the invention can be useful in making various products, for example, as surfactants.

The invention provides branched trialkylamine oxides with improved properties. The trialkylamine oxides of the invention produced from branched trialkylamines, in one embodiment, can be made using certain branched C10-12 enals and aldehydes. The invention also provides an trialkylamine oxide having the formula:

##STR00001##

wherein R5, R6 and R7 are independently at least one of C3H7, C2H5, CH3, or H, or mixtures thereof; and wherein R5 and R6 are not H at the same time. In one embodiment, the trialkylamine oxides of the invention can be useful in making various products, for example, as surfactants.

The invention provides branched hydrophobes for the production of surfactants with improved properties over linear hydrophobes. The invention also provides branched C10-12 enals and aldehydes that are oxidized to branched fatty acids or hydrogenated to branched fatty alcohols and further derivatized to surfactants, through ethoxylation or esterification and other or subsequent reactions. The invention further provides surfactants made from the branched trialkylamine intermediates, including amphoteric, cationic and nonionic surfactants.

The invention provides branched hydrophobes for the production of surfactants with improved properties over linear hydrophobes. The invention also provides branched C.sub.10-12 enals and aldehydes. The invention additionally provides branched C.sub.10-12 enals and aldehydes that are oxidized to branched fatty acids or hydrogenated to branched fatty alcohols and further derivatized to surfactants, through ethoxylation or esterification and other or subsequent reactions. The enals and aldehydes are useful in making branched trialkylamine intermediates useful in making certain surfactants, including amphoteric, cationic and nonionic surfactants. The surfactants which can be produced from the trialkylamine intermediates include the quaternary ammonium compounds of the invention. The quaternary ammonium compounds of the invention are also useful in making the branched enals and/or aldehydes useful in the invention.

RhlR modulators including agonist and antagonists which are useful for modulating QS phenotypes in Gram-negative bacteria. Certain compounds of general formula A-W-HG having various carbocyclic ad heterocyclic head groups (HG) and various tail groups (A), where W is CONH, SO.sub.2NH, CONHCH.sub.2, or SO.sub.2NHCH.sub.2 are RhlR agonists or antagonists. The compounds are useful in methods of modulating quorum sensing in Gram-negative bacteria, particularly in Pseudomonas. Compositions including certain RhlR modulators are useful for decreasing the virulence of Gram-negative bacteria. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising certain RhlR modulators are useful for treatment of infections of Gram-negative bacteria.

This invention includes fusogenic compounds, and compositions and methods of use thereof. The fusogenic compounds can be used for making nanoparticle compositions for use in biopharmaceuticals and therapeutics. More particularly, this invention relates to compounds, compositions and methods for providing nanoparticles to incorporate or encapsulate active agents, to deliver and distribute the active agents to cells, tissues, organs, and subjects.

Disclosed is a novel transition metal complex containing N-heterocyclic carbene and a sulfonamide group, or N-heterocyclic carbene and an amide group, and application thereof, the transition metal complex having a wider range of general purposes in olefin metathesis and being able to be variably controlled in reactivity.