Derivatives of an organic substance containing one or more groups selected from the group consisting of sulfanyl, selanyl and sulfino may be produced by reacting an organic substance containing one or more groups selected from the group consisting of sulfanyl, selanyl and sulfino with an olefin compound containing an ethylene structure having at least two electron-withdrawing groups except halogen atoms under an acidic condition to form a derivative of the organic substance

Derivatives of an organic substance containing one or more groups selected from the group consisting of sulfanyl, selanyl and sulfino may be produced by reacting an organic substance containing one or more groups selected from the group consisting of sulfanyl, selanyl and sulfino with an olefin compound containing an ethylene structure having at least two electron-withdrawing groups except halogen atoms under an acidic condition to form a derivative of the organic substance

Derivatives of an organic substance containing one or more groups selected from the group consisting of sulfanyl, selanyl and sulfino may be produced by reacting an organic substance containing one or more groups selected from the group consisting of sulfanyl, selanyl and sulfino with an olefin compound containing an ethylene structure having at least two electron-withdrawing groups except halogen atoms under an acidic condition to form a derivative of the organic substance

New diamine monomers bearing sulfone terminated pendant groups, as well as methods for making the same, are provided. The diamine monomers are useful toward making polyamide, polyimide, and poly(amide-imide) polymers and copolymers, which possess hygromorphic properties and demonstrate humidity driven motility.

A method for preparing a compound of formula (I) ##STR00001## in which R1 is selected from H and alkyls, R2 is selected from H, alkyls, OR′ where R′ is selected from alkyls, silyls, CO-alkyl, R3 is selected from the acyl groups of the CO(R″) type, and the CO(OR″), CO(NR″R′″), PO(OR″)(OR′″), PO(OR″)(R′″) groups where R″ and R′″, independently of each other, are selected from H and alkyls, R represents a C(R4)═C(R5)(R6) group where R4, R5 and R6, independently of each other, are selected from H, linear or cyclic alkyls and alkenyls, aryls, alkylaryls, or R4 and R5 together form a saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted ring, from a compound of formula (II) ##STR00002## or a compound of formula (III) ##STR00003## in which, R, R1, R2 and R3 have the above definition.

The invention relates to polyoxometalates represented by the formula (A.sub.n).sub.m+{[M.sub.6(O.sub.2).sub.9][(XM′.sub.10O.sub.37).sub.3]}.sup.m− or solvates thereof, corresponding supported polyoxometalates, and processes for their preparation, as well as their use in oxidative conversion of organic substrate.

The invention relates to polyoxometalates represented by the formula (A.sub.n).sub.m+{[M.sub.6(O.sub.2).sub.9][(XM′.sub.10O.sub.37).sub.3]}.sup.m− or solvates thereof, corresponding supported polyoxometalates, and processes for their preparation, as well as their use in oxidative conversion of organic substrate.

The invention relates to a process for producing 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulfoxide comprising: (a) reacting thionyl chloride, chlorobenzene and aluminum chloride in a molar ratio of thionyl chloride:chlorobenzene:aluminum chloride of 1:(6 to 9):(1 to 1.5) at a temperature in the range from 0 to below 20° C., forming an intermediate reaction product and hydrogen chloride, (b) mixing aqueous hydrochloric acid and the intermediate reaction product at a temperature in the range from 70 to 110° C. to obtain a crude reaction product comprising 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulfoxide, (c) separating the crude reaction product into an organic phase comprising the 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulfoxide and an aqueous phase, (d) washing the organic phase with an extraction liquid.

The invention relates to a process for producing 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulfoxide comprising: (a) reacting thionyl chloride, chlorobenzene and aluminum chloride in a molar ratio of thionyl chloride:chlorobenzene:aluminum chloride of 1:(6 to 9):(1 to 1.5) at a temperature in the range from 0 to below 20° C., forming an intermediate reaction product and hydrogen chloride, (b) mixing aqueous hydrochloric acid and the intermediate reaction product at a temperature in the range from 70 to 110° C. to obtain a crude reaction product comprising 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulfoxide, (c) separating the crude reaction product into an organic phase comprising the 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulfoxide and an aqueous phase, (d) washing the organic phase with an extraction liquid.

The invention provides methods of preparing 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid and methods of making a pharmaceutical material comprising a purified amount of 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid. Also provided are compositions and pharmaceutical materials including a purified amount of 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid as well as methods of treating various diseases and conditions using the compositions and pharmaceutical materials.