Flow batteries can include a first half-cell containing a first aqueous electrolyte solution. a second half-cell containing a second aqueous electrolyte solution, and a separator disposed between the first half-cell and the second half-cell, The first aqueous electrolyte solution contains a first redox-active material, and the second aqueous electrolyte solution contains a second redox-active material. At least one of the first redox-active material and the second redox-active material is a nitroxide compound or a salt thereof. Particular nitroxide compounds can include a doubly bonded oxygen contained in a ring bearing the nitroxide group, a doubly bonded oxygen appended to a ring bearing the nitroxide group, sulfate or phosphate groups appended to a ring bearing the nitroxide group, various heterocyclic rings bearing the nitroxide group, or acyclic nitroxide compounds.

Flow batteries can include a first half-cell containing a first aqueous electrolyte solution. a second half-cell containing a second aqueous electrolyte solution, and a separator disposed between the first half-cell and the second half-cell, The first aqueous electrolyte solution contains a first redox-active material, and the second aqueous electrolyte solution contains a second redox-active material. At least one of the first redox-active material and the second redox-active material is a nitroxide compound or a salt thereof. Particular nitroxide compounds can include a doubly bonded oxygen contained in a ring bearing the nitroxide group, a doubly bonded oxygen appended to a ring bearing the nitroxide group, sulfate or phosphate groups appended to a ring bearing the nitroxide group, various heterocyclic rings bearing the nitroxide group, or acyclic nitroxide compounds.

The present invention discloses a phenylate derivative, a preparation method therefor, and a pharmaceutical composition and uses thereof. Specifically, the invention relates to phenylate derivatives represented by formula (I), a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, a stereoisomer thereof, a preparation method therefor, a pharmaceutical composition containing the one or more compounds, and uses of the compounds in treating diseases related to PD-1/PD-L1 signal channels, such as cancers, infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases. ##STR00001##

The present invention discloses a phenylate derivative, a preparation method therefor, and a pharmaceutical composition and uses thereof. Specifically, the invention relates to phenylate derivatives represented by formula (I), a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, a stereoisomer thereof, a preparation method therefor, a pharmaceutical composition containing the one or more compounds, and uses of the compounds in treating diseases related to PD-1/PD-L1 signal channels, such as cancers, infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases. ##STR00001##

Provided herein are dUTPase inhibitors, compositions comprising such compounds and methods of using such compounds and compositions.

Provided herein are dUTPase inhibitors, compositions comprising such compounds and methods of using such compounds and compositions.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention comprise functionalized lactone derivatives having a disease-modifying action in the treatment of diseases associated with dysregulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 activity.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention comprise functionalized lactone derivatives having a disease-modifying action in the treatment of diseases associated with dysregulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 activity.

Fluorinated ionic liquids have been prepared to be used as catholytes in lithium battery cells. Such ionic liquids are immiscible with polyethylene-oxide-based solid polymer electrolytes, which may be used as separators in such cells. Such catholytes can increase the lifetime and boost the performance of lithium battery cells.

Fluorinated ionic liquids have been prepared to be used as catholytes in lithium battery cells. Such ionic liquids are immiscible with polyethylene-oxide-based solid polymer electrolytes, which may be used as separators in such cells. Such catholytes can increase the lifetime and boost the performance of lithium battery cells.