A receptor for the simultaneous removal of oxoanions and their counterions from aqueous phase, particularly containing radioactive wastes, containing amide groups specifically coordinating the oxoanions, as well as moieties specifically coordinating cations, according to the present invention is characterised in that it contains within one molecule domains binding oxoanions and domains binding cations, preferably adapting a molecular structure of a general formula: (I) wherein Z this is a group containing crown ether, preferably a benzocrown group, X is any substituent, including the Y-Z grouping, and Y is any substituent or 0 (i.e. a direct bond between N and Z), where the oxoanion binding domain is a squaramide unit coordinating the oxoanions through amide groups, and squaramide contains additional substituents that increase or decrease the acidity of its amide protons, compared to unsubstituted squaramide, whereas the counter ion binding domain is a crown ether of a size adjusted to the type of binding cation, which forms part of at least one of the aforementioned substituents of squaramide, where the receptor has the ability to remove oxoanions and their counterions from aqueous phase to another water-immiscible phase, preferably to organic phase, and has the ability to form soluble complexes in at least one of the aforementioned phases. The invention considers also a method of removing oxoanions in the form of inorganic salts from aqueous phase, using receptors of the invention in the form of organic molecules containing amide groups, according to the invention is characterised in that it uses the aforementioned receptors for simultaneous binding of oxoanions and their counterions in aqueous phase, preferably acidic when using the receptor with substituents increasing acidity of squaramide protons, or alkaline when using the receptor with substituents decreasing acidity of squaramide protons. A sensor for detecting oxoanions according to the invention is characterised in that it uses the aforementioned receptors, dissolved or suspended in an organic solvent or in a mixture of organic solvents, forming coloured complexes in contact with the phase containing given oxoanions. The preparation for removing oxoanions from aqueous solutions, particularly containing radioactive waste at the stage preceding their disposal by vitrification, is characterised in that it contains the receptor according to the invention, dissolved or suspended in the water-immiscible phase, and the appropriate amount of counterion facilitating extraction. A process of utilisation of aqueous solutions by vitrification, particularly solutions containing radioactive waste, is characte

The invention provides a material comprising (i) a crown ether of formula (I) and/or (ii) a crown ether of formula (II), or a salt thereof, wherein each m independently is an integer from 1 to 8, each “” designates an optionally present bond and/or structure, each X independently is —N(R.sub.1).sub.2, —N*(R.sub.1), —N**, —N*(R.sub.1).sub.2.sup.+Z.sup.−, or —N**(R.sub.1).sup.+Z.sup.−, provided at least one X is —N*(R.sub.1), —N**, —N*(R.sub.1).sub.2.sup.+Z.sup.−, or —N**(R.sub.1).sup.+Z.sup.−, wherein each R.sub.1 independently is hydrogen or C.sub.1-6 alkyl, each Z is optionally present and independently is a counterion to balance the charge on nitrogen, and * represents a bond to a remainder of the material, a method of making the material, and a method of using the material.

The invention provides a material comprising (i) a crown ether of formula (I) and/or (ii) a crown ether of formula (II), or a salt thereof, wherein each m independently is an integer from 1 to 8, each “” designates an optionally present bond and/or structure, each X independently is —N(R.sub.1).sub.2, —N*(R.sub.1), —N**, —N*(R.sub.1).sub.2.sup.+Z.sup.−, or —N**(R.sub.1).sup.+Z.sup.−, provided at least one X is —N*(R.sub.1), —N**, —N*(R.sub.1).sub.2.sup.+Z.sup.−, or —N**(R.sub.1).sup.+Z.sup.−, wherein each R.sub.1 independently is hydrogen or C.sub.1-6 alkyl, each Z is optionally present and independently is a counterion to balance the charge on nitrogen, and * represents a bond to a remainder of the material, a method of making the material, and a method of using the material.

The present application discloses, in part, isolated, stable and biologically active menaquinol derivatives and their methods of use for the treatment of various diseases.

The present application discloses, in part, isolated, stable and biologically active menaquinol derivatives and their methods of use for the treatment of various diseases.

The present disclosure provides fluorinated crown ethers. The fluorinated crown ethers have one or more pendant fluorinated groups (e.g., thioether groups with a terminal fluorinated group). The fluorinated crown ethers have desirable solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide. Also provided are methods and systems for removal of lithium (e.g., lithium ions) from aqueous samples using the fluorinated crown ethers coupled with lipophilic cation exchangers.

The present disclosure provides fluorinated crown ethers. The fluorinated crown ethers have one or more pendant fluorinated groups (e.g., thioether groups with a terminal fluorinated group). The fluorinated crown ethers have desirable solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide. Also provided are methods and systems for removal of lithium (e.g., lithium ions) from aqueous samples using the fluorinated crown ethers coupled with lipophilic cation exchangers.

A rotaxane compound comprising one or more cyclic molecules and an axial molecule penetrating through inner holes of the cyclic molecules and having cap structures disposed lest the cyclic molecules should be detached, where one of the cyclic molecule and the axial molecule has one of a functional group being capable of reacting with silica and a functional group being capable of reacting with a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, and the other of the cyclic molecule and the axial molecule has the other of the functional group being capable of reacting with silica and the functional group being capable of reacting with a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond.

The present disclosure provides immunogenic compositions comprising: a) hepatitis C virus (HCV) E1E2 heterodimers, HCV E2, or HCV E1; and b) an adjuvant, where the adjuvant is a cyclic dinucleotide or an archaeosome. The present disclosure provides methods of inducing an immune response in an individual to HCV, the methods comprising administering to an individual an effective amount of an immunogenic composition of the present disclosure.

The present disclosure provides immunogenic compositions comprising: a) hepatitis C virus (HCV) E1E2 heterodimers, HCV E2, or HCV E1; and b) an adjuvant, where the adjuvant is a cyclic dinucleotide or an archaeosome. The present disclosure provides methods of inducing an immune response in an individual to HCV, the methods comprising administering to an individual an effective amount of an immunogenic composition of the present disclosure.