A smectic A composition with the positive dielectric anisotropy exhibiting a monolayer smectic A structure (SmA.sub.1), which shows a phase transition from a smectic A phase to an isotropic phase (SmA-Iso) or a phase transition from a smectic A phase through a nematic phase to an isotropic phase (SmA-N-Iso) and includes at least two fluorinated compounds selected from the families of fluorinated derivatives of biphenyls and terphenyls expressed by the general formulae 1-12.

For ensuring of the high level of the conductivity the composition is doped with the ionic amidynium salts and/or the ionic potassium complexes of the crown ethers wherein the charge on the cation is delocalized. Such a structure of the ionic compound ensures the better solubility in the liquid crystalline fluorinated composition in comparison to that observed for quaternary ammonium salts.

For writing of the information the dynamic scattering effect (DS) was used, where the transition from a opaque (milky) state to a clear (transparent) state or reversal process is obtained by the change of the frequency of a driving alternating electric field.

The modification of the properties of the smectic A composition by adding of further components such as fluorinated four ring liquid crystal compounds or pyrimidine compounds or cyanocompounds is described.

The present disclosure relates to an electrochemical cell which may be used, for example, in a rechargeable battery based on the reversible transfer of halide anions, and a method for making an electrolyte composition for use in the same. The electrochemical cell includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte composition positioned between the two electrodes, where the electrolyte composition contains a crown ether-metal halide complex in a solvent.

A cyclic poly L-lactic acid composition having a pH of 6 to 7 by the polymer itself.

Provided herein, inter alia, are methods and compounds for treating a pulmonary disease, fibrosis, or cancer.

Provided herein, inter alia, are methods and compounds for treating a pulmonary disease, fibrosis, or cancer.

The present disclosure provides fluorinated crown ethers. The fluorinated crown ethers have one or more pendant fluorinated groups (e.g., thioether groups with a terminal fluorinated group). The fluorinated crown ethers have desirable solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide. Also provided are methods and systems for removal of lithium (e.g., lithium ions) from aqueous samples using the fluorinated crown ethers coupled with lipophilic cation exchangers.

The present disclosure provides fluorinated crown ethers. The fluorinated crown ethers have one or more pendant fluorinated groups (e.g., thioether groups with a terminal fluorinated group). The fluorinated crown ethers have desirable solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide. Also provided are methods and systems for removal of lithium (e.g., lithium ions) from aqueous samples using the fluorinated crown ethers coupled with lipophilic cation exchangers.

Provided herein are novel calixcrowns, such as those of Formula I, which are useful for coating a solid substrate such as a protein chip, diagnostic kit or protein separation pack. Also provided herein are methods detecting protein-protein interactions with a solid substrate coated with the calixcrown herein and an immobilized protein.

##STR00001##

Provided herein are novel calixcrowns, such as those of Formula I, which are useful for coating a solid substrate such as a protein chip, diagnostic kit or protein separation pack. Also provided herein are methods detecting protein-protein interactions with a solid substrate coated with the calixcrown herein and an immobilized protein.

##STR00001##

The present invention provides an energy device having excellent properties. Also provided is a nonaqueous electrolyte solution containing a compound represented by the following Formula (1), wherein R.sup.11, R.sup.12 and R.sup.13 each independently represent an organic group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; and R.sup.11 and R.sup.12, R.sup.11 and R.sup.13, or R.sup.12 and R.sup.13 are optionally bound with each other to form a 5-membered ring or a 6-membered ring, with a proviso that a total number of carbon atoms of R.sup.11, R.sup.12 and R.sup.13 is 7 or less.

##STR00001##