Surface hydroxyl groups on porous and nonporous metal oxides, such as silica gel and alumina, were metalated with catalyst precursors, such as complexes of earth abundant metals (e.g., Fe, Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mn and Mg). The metalated metal oxide catalysts provide a versatile family of recyclable and reusable single-site solid catalysts for catalyzing a variety of organic transformations. The catalysts can also be integrated into a flow reactor or a supercritical fluid reactor.

This invention provides a self-healable epoxy resin and its preparation, recycling and remolding method. With the catalyst of potassium iodide, an ester solution of 2-mercaptoacetic acid was oxidated by 30% H.sub.2O.sub.2 to form 2,2-dithiodiacetic acid; then 2,2-dithiodiacetic acid was dehydrated and cyclizated by anhydride to form 1,4,5-oxadithiepane-2,7-dione; 1,4,5-oxadithiepane-2,7-dione and methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride were mixed by mass ratio and cured with epoxides to get the self-healable epoxy resin. Through controlling dynamic and permanent three-dimensional crosslinked network, the self-healable epoxy resins provided in this invention exhibit high thermal resistance and improved mechanical properties as well as excellent self-healing ability, recyclability and remoldability. This invention provides a preparation method with the merits of low cost, simple production processes, broad application prospects and strong utility.

This invention provides a self-healable epoxy resin and its preparation, recycling and remolding method. With the catalyst of potassium iodide, an ester solution of 2-mercaptoacetic acid was oxidated by 30% H.sub.2O.sub.2 to form 2,2-dithiodiacetic acid; then 2,2-dithiodiacetic acid was dehydrated and cyclizated by anhydride to form 1,4,5-oxadithiepane-2,7-dione; 1,4,5-oxadithiepane-2,7-dione and methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride were mixed by mass ratio and cured with epoxides to get the self-healable epoxy resin. Through controlling dynamic and permanent three-dimensional crosslinked network, the self-healable epoxy resins provided in this invention exhibit high thermal resistance and improved mechanical properties as well as excellent self-healing ability, recyclability and remoldability. This invention provides a preparation method with the merits of low cost, simple production processes, broad application prospects and strong utility.

A purpose of the present invention is to provide a lithium ion secondary battery which has further improved life characteristics. The lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is characterized by comprising a positive electrode comprising a positive electrode active material that operates at 4.5 V or more with respect to lithium, and an electrolyte solution comprising an electrolyte solvent comprising a fluorinated ether, a cyclic sulfonic acid ester and LiN(FSO.sub.2).sub.2.

A purpose of the present invention is to provide a lithium ion secondary battery which has further improved life characteristics. The lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is characterized by comprising a positive electrode comprising a positive electrode active material that operates at 4.5 V or more with respect to lithium, and an electrolyte solution comprising an electrolyte solvent comprising a fluorinated ether, a cyclic sulfonic acid ester and LiN(FSO.sub.2).sub.2.

A nonaqueous electrolytic solution contains a nonaqueous solvent and an electrolyte dissolved in the solvent. The solution includes a difluoro ionic complex (1-Cis) in a cis conformation represented by the formula (1-Cis), and at least one of cyclic sulfonic acid ester, cyclic sulfonic acid ester having an unsaturated bond, cyclic sulfuric acid ester, cyclic disulfonic acid ester, chain disulfonic acid ester, cyclic disulfonic acid anhydride, nitrile group-containing compound, silyl phosphate ester derivative, and silyl borate ester derivative:

##STR00001##

A nonaqueous electrolytic solution contains a nonaqueous solvent and an electrolyte dissolved in the solvent. The solution includes a difluoro ionic complex (1-Cis) in a cis conformation represented by the formula (1-Cis), and at least one of cyclic sulfonic acid ester, cyclic sulfonic acid ester having an unsaturated bond, cyclic sulfuric acid ester, cyclic disulfonic acid ester, chain disulfonic acid ester, cyclic disulfonic acid anhydride, nitrile group-containing compound, silyl phosphate ester derivative, and silyl borate ester derivative:

##STR00001##

In a lithium ion secondary battery including a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material containing a lithium nickel complex oxide, a cyclic sulfonic acid ester (al) which contains at least two sulfonyl groups in a molecule and a compound (a2) which contains only one sulfonyl group in a molecule and of which an energy level of a highest occupied molecular orbital calculated by a PM3 method is 11.2 eV or less are used in an electrolyte. In addition, by charging such a battery, a film including a sulfur atom is formed on at least a portion of a surface of the positive electrode active material.

In a lithium ion secondary battery including a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material containing a lithium nickel complex oxide, a cyclic sulfonic acid ester (al) which contains at least two sulfonyl groups in a molecule and a compound (a2) which contains only one sulfonyl group in a molecule and of which an energy level of a highest occupied molecular orbital calculated by a PM3 method is 11.2 eV or less are used in an electrolyte. In addition, by charging such a battery, a film including a sulfur atom is formed on at least a portion of a surface of the positive electrode active material.

Provided is a non-aqueous electrolyte for lithium ion battery, comprising a compound A represented by structural formula I and a compound B represented by structural formula II:

##STR00001##

Wherein, in formula I, R.sub.1 is selected from alkylene having 1-5 carbon atoms or fluorine substituted alkylene having 1-5 carbon atoms; R.sub.2 is selected from anyone of alkylene having 1-5 carbon atoms, fluorine substituted alkylene having 1-5 carbon atoms or carbonyl; In formula II, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 are each independently selected from hydrogen, fluorine atom or a group containing 1-5 carbon atoms. The compound A and compound B of the non-aqueous electrolyte can form a passivation film formed by reduction, decomposition and combination reactions on the surface of negative electrode material of lithium-ion battery, thereby improving thermal stability of the passivation film and high-temperature cycle and storage performance of the battery.