A process is described for the acid-catalyzed dehydration of a sugar alcohol, wherein the catalyst comprises a water-tolerant Lewis acid. In particular embodiments, the catalyst comprises a homogeneous water-tolerant Lewis acid, especially a homogeneous Lewis acid selected from the group consisting of bismuth (III) triflate, gallium (III) triflate, scandium (III) triflate, aluminum triflate, tin (II) triflate and indium (III) triflate. Such catalysts are effective for dehydrating both of sorbitol and the 1,4-sorbitan dehydration precursor of isosorbide, and bismuth (III) triflate particularly is beneficial for dehydrating mannitol to isomannide.

The present invention provides an efficient method of synthesizing and purifying dianhydrohexitols such as dianhydrogalactitol. In general, as applied to dianhydrogalactitol, the method comprises: (1) reacting dulcitol with a concentrated solution of hydrobromic acid at a temperature of about 80 C. to produce dibromogalactitol; (2) reacting the dibromogalactitol with potassium carbonate in t-butanol to produce dianhydrogalactitol; and (3) purifying the dianhydrogalactitol using a slurry of ethyl ether to produce purified dianhydrogalactitol. Another method produces dianhydrogalactitol from dulcitol; this method comprises: (1) reacting dulcitol with a reactant to convert the 1,6-hydroxy groups of dulcitol to an effective leaving group to generate an intermediate; and (2) reacting the intermediate with an inorganic weak base to produce dianhydrogalactitol through an intramolecular S.sub.N2 reaction. Other methods for the synthesis of dianhydrogalactitol from dulcitol are described.

Methods for identifying the presence of cancerous cells or tissue by: applying a compound of formula (I), or salts thereof, to a living body, ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 represents hydrogen or the same or different one to four substituents; R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, and R.sup.7 independently represent hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, or halogen; R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 independently represent hydrogen or alkyl; and X represents C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkylene; and detecting fluorescence emitted by a compound of formula (II), ##STR00002##
wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8, and R.sup.9 are as defined above; wherein fluorescence emitted by a compound of formula (II) is indicative of the presence of cancerous cells or tissue.

The present disclosure relates to an organic electroluminescent compound represented by formula 2 or formula 2, a plurality of host materials comprising at least one first host compound and at least one second host compound, and an organic electroluminescent device comprising the same. An organic electroluminescent device having improved driving voltage, luminous efficiency, power efficiency and/or lifespan properties can be provided by including the organic electroluminescent compound or a specific combination of compounds according to the present disclosure as a host material(s).

The present disclosure relates to an organic electroluminescent compound represented by formula 2 or formula 2, a plurality of host materials comprising at least one first host compound and at least one second host compound, and an organic electroluminescent device comprising the same. An organic electroluminescent device having improved driving voltage, luminous efficiency, power efficiency and/or lifespan properties can be provided by including the organic electroluminescent compound or a specific combination of compounds according to the present disclosure as a host material(s).

A compound having structures represented by the following formulas (1) or (2): wherein in the formulas (1) and (2), at least one of R.sub.1 to R.sub.8 is a deuterium atom.

##STR00001##

A compound having structures represented by the following formulas (1) or (2): wherein in the formulas (1) and (2), at least one of R.sub.1 to R.sub.8 is a deuterium atom.

##STR00001##

The present invention provides novel solvated forms of darunavir and processes for their preparation. The present invention also provides novel processes for the preparation of darunavir amorphous form and pharmaceutical compositions comprising it. Thus, for example, darunavir 2-methyl-2-butanol solvate was dissolved in methylene dichloride, distilled under vacuum at 45 C. to obtain a residue, cyclohexane was added to the residue and stirred for 30 hours at 20 to 25 C., and the separated solid was filtered, washed with cyclohexane and dried under vacuum at 50 C. for 12 hours to yield darunavir amorphous form.

The present application relates to materials for use in electronic devices, to processes for preparing the materials, and to electronic devices containing the materials.

The present application relates to materials for use in electronic devices, to processes for preparing the materials, and to electronic devices containing the materials.