A process for reducing microbial growth in solutions of sugars extracted from waste materials, the process comprising monitoring indicators of microbial growth in the solution in situ and administering an antimicrobial; a sugar substrate obtained by concentrating a solution of sugar treated using the process; an apparatus for extracting sugars from waste materials, the apparatus comprising a reaction vessel (10), one or more sensors (15,20) for monitoring indicators of microbial growth in the reaction vessel, a software for analysing signals from the sensor and a source of antimicrobial.

Provided herein are branched oligonucleotides exhibiting efficient and specific tissue distribution, cellular uptake, minimum immune response and off-target effects, without formulation.

Provided herein are branched oligonucleotides exhibiting efficient and specific tissue distribution, cellular uptake, minimum immune response and off-target effects, without formulation.

Disclosed are an amine solvate of a sodium-glucose linked transporter (SGLT) inhibitor, and a preparation method and application thereof. The SGLT inhibitor is (1S,2S,3S,4R,5S)-5-(3-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)methyl)-4-ethylbenzyl)-1-(hydroxymethyl)-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2,3,4-triol. Further provided is a crystalline compound of the amine solvate, a pharmaceutical composition comprising the amine solvate, and an application of the amine solvate in preparing an SGLT-inhibiting pharmaceutical product.

Compounds and compositions that have a mannose 6-phosphate receptor or ASGPR binding ligand bound to an extracellular protein binding ligand are provided for the selective degradation of a target extracellular protein in vivo to treat disorders mediated by the extracellular protein.

Provided herein are branched oligonucleotides exhibiting efficient and specific tissue distribution, cellular uptake, minimum immune response and off-target effects, without formulation.

Provided herein are branched oligonucleotides exhibiting efficient and specific tissue distribution, cellular uptake, minimum immune response and off-target effects, without formulation.

Method and composition for identifying cognate nucleotides in a Sequencing By Binding procedure, wherein one or more labeled nucleotides are detected in ternary complexes but never incorporated. Labeled nucleotides can be incorporable nucleotides that contact preformed blocked primed template nucleic acids. Alternatively, labeled nucleotides are labeled non-incorporable nucleotides. Labeled nucleotides, including labeled non-incorporable nucleotides, can be detected in ternary complexes in the same reaction mixture that incorporates a reversible terminator nucleotide to create a blocked primed template nucleic acid. Detection of ternary complexes can take place in the presence of a catalytic metal ion.

Method and composition for identifying cognate nucleotides in a Sequencing By Binding procedure, wherein one or more labeled nucleotides are detected in ternary complexes but never incorporated. Labeled nucleotides can be incorporable nucleotides that contact preformed blocked primed template nucleic acids. Alternatively, labeled nucleotides are labeled non-incorporable nucleotides. Labeled nucleotides, including labeled non-incorporable nucleotides, can be detected in ternary complexes in the same reaction mixture that incorporates a reversible terminator nucleotide to create a blocked primed template nucleic acid. Detection of ternary complexes can take place in the presence of a catalytic metal ion.

Described herein are writable polymers for data storage and related methods. Generally, a writable polymer may contain one or more convertible residues (e.g., convertible residues comprising a modifiable fluorophore with switchable fluorescent states) that are enabled to provide a data code. Various methods can be utilized to generate a writable polymer (e.g., a writable nucleic polymer). Various methods can be utilized to encode a writable polymer by selectively modifying the one or more convertible residues (e.g., modifiable fluorophores). Various methods of reading a polymer encoded with data are also described herein.