A cocrystalline DHEA composition with at least one additional coformer is disclosed for therapeutic formulations. The cocrystalline DHEA/coformer formulation including at least one coformer chosen from the group consisting of glutaric acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, fructose, and wherein the L-isomer of tartaric acid and the D-isomer of fructose are utilized. The cocrystalline DHEA/coformer formulations include certain excipients as a solubilizer or inhibitor.

An estrogen receptor ? selective ligand can be a compound according to Structure 1:

##STR00001##

wherein m is 0, 1, or 2 and R is H, a C.sub.1 to C.sub.5 alkyl group, vinyl, CF.sub.3, CH.sub.2CH.sub.2F, CH.sub.2CHF.sub.2, or CH.sub.2CF.sub.3. A composition (e.g., pharmaceutical or cosmetic composition) can include an effective amount of a compound according to Structure 1 and a physiologically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient, formulated for topical administration. A method (e.g., therapeutic or cosmetic method) can include administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound according to Structure 1 or a composition including Structure 1. Administration can be topical (e.g., to skin, scalp or mucosa).

A process is provided for the making of estetrol starting from a 3-A-oxy-estra-1,3,5(10),15-tetraen-17-one, wherein A is an C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkyl group, preferably a methyl group, or a C.sub.7-C.sub.12 benzylic group, preferably a benzyl group. This process is particularly suitable to industry.

The present invention is directed to a mild, efficient, and general direct C(sp)-H bond silylation. Various embodiments includes methods, each method comprising or consisting essentially of contacting at least one organic substrate comprising a terminal alkynyl CH bond, with a mixture of at least one organosilane and an alkali metal hydroxide, alkali metal alkoxide, or alkali metal hydride under conditions sufficient to form a silylated terminal alkynyl moiety. The methods are operable in the presence or substantially absence of transition-metal compounds. The systems associated with these methods are also disclosed.

Copper-catalyzed radiofluorination of iodonium salts, iodonium salts, and compounds obtained by copper-catalyzed radiofluorination of iodonium salts are disclosed. Diagnostic and therapeutic methods involving such compounds also are disclosed.

The automated synthesis of clinically relevant amounts of 16-.sup.18F-fluoro-5-dihydrotestosterone (.sup.18F-FDHT) using a commercially available radiosynthesizer. Synthesis was performed in 90 minutes with a decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 295%. The specific activity was 4.6 Ci/mol (170 GBq/mol) at end of formulation with a starting activity of 1.0 Ci (37 GBq). The formulated .sup.18F-FDHT yielded sufficient activity for multiple patient doses and passed all quality control tests required for routine clinical use.

A method of producing an organic compound, which contains a step of performing a deodorization step using a flow reaction in a flow passage to remove, from a reaction liquid, a malodorous material generated or remaining in a reaction step,

wherein the organic compound is an industrially useful compound.

A novel delivery system for drugs, and especially macromolecules such as proteins or oligonucleotides through biological membranes is provided, and specifically delivery of siRNA. The delivery system comprises conjugation of the macromolecule drug to a moiety that enables effective passage through the membranes. Respectively, novel compounds and pharmaceutical compositions are provided, utilizing said delivery system. In one aspect of the invention, the compounds may be utilized in medical practice, for example, in delivery of siRNA or antisense oligonucleotides across biological membranes for the treatment of medical disorders.

Systems and methods for producing liposomes, including control liposomes and various targeted liposomes. Systems and methods for treating conditions, such as, but not limited to various cancers, using targeted liposomes produced according to various methods disclosed herein. For example, estrone-conjugated liposomes may be used deliver chemotherapeutic agent(s) to breast cancer tissues for the treatment of breast cancer. Systems and methods for actuating liposomes using ultrasound. For example, systems and methods for actuating estrone-conjugated liposomes accumulated in breast cancer tissues for the treatment of breast cancer.

Synthetic methods for preparing deoxycholic acid and intermediates thereof are provided.