Disclosed herein is a novel compound of formula (I) for detecting circulating cancerous cells, particularly, cholangio-cancerous cells, from a biological sample, ##STR00001##
wherein, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently H, or —SO.sub.3M; and M is a monovalent cation selected from the group consisting of sodium ion, potassium ion, lithium ion or ammonium ion. Also disclosed herein is a method of treating and detecting cholangio-cancerous cells from a biological sample of a subject suspected of having cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). The method includes steps of, contacting the biological sample with a magnetic bead pre-coated with the compound of formula (I); detecting a complex formed between the magnetic bead and the biological sample in an immunoassay; and administering to the subject an effective amount of a chemotherapeutic agent to ameliorate symptoms associated with the CCA.

A malto-dextrin composition with low DE value and low viscosity and the method for making the same is provided. The malto-dextrin comprises a blue value in the range of 0.02 to 0.28; a dextrose equivalent (DE) in the range of 3 to 10; and a viscosity lower than 26.3185*DE{circumflex over ( )}(−0.7593). The method for preparing the malto-dextrin composition comprises: dispersing raw starch in water to obtain a starch-water slurry; preheating the starch-water slurry with a jet-cooker for a first duration at a first temperature above 100° C. having a temperature variation no more than 0.8° C.; hydrolyzing the slurry by treating the slurry with α-amylases for a second duration at a second temperature; and filtering the hydrolyzed slurry to remove insoluble residual proteins and fibers and obtain an un-fractionated malto-dextrin composition.

A method for preparing a silicon glycan is provided. The method includes reacting (A) a polysaccharide and (B) an anhydride-functional organosilicon compound, to give the silicon glycan. The silicon glycan comprises a glycoside moiety, independently selected organosilicon moieties, and linking moieties joining the organosilicon moieties to the glycoside moiety. The glycoside moiety comprises independently selected saccharide moieties, which may be substituted with substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl groups, ether moieties, and/or amine moieties.

Described herein are methods for the production of oligosaccharides, including functionalized oligosaccharides, from one or more sugars, such as one or more monosaccharides, using polymeric and solid-supported catalysts containing acidic and ionic groups. Also provided are the oligosaccharide compositions, including functionalized oligosaccharide compositions, obtained using the methods.

The disclosure relates to compositions comprising a polysaccharide derivative, wherein the polysaccharide derivative comprises a polysaccharide substituted with a) at least one hydrophobic group, and b) at least one hydrophilic group, wherein the polysaccharide is poly alpha-1,3-glucan, poly alpha-1,6-glucan, or poly alpha-1,3-1,6-glucan.

A process for treatment of biomasses including chitin with a process solvent selected from: an eutectic solvent consisting of a hydrogen bond acceptor and at least one hydrogen bond donor, an ionic liquid, and a mixture of the eutectic solvent and the ionic liquid, may include the steps of: A. mixing of a biomass with the process solvent and precipitation; and B. separating of the chitin precipitated in step A from a rest of the mixture. The hydrogen bond acceptor may be a choline salt with an C.sub.2-C.sub.6 organic acid, containing at least one carboxyl group and optionally substituted in the alkyl chain with at least one hydroxyl group. The at least one hydrogen bond donor may be an organic acid selected from: glycolic acid, diglycolic acid, levulinic acid, or imidazole. When the hydrogen bond acceptor is choline glycolate, the at least one hydrogen bond donor is not glycolic acid.

A silicon glycan is provided. The silicon glycan comprises a glycoside moiety, independently selected organosilicon moieties, and amide moieties joining the organosilicon moieties to the glycoside moiety. The glycoside moiety comprises independently selected saccharide moieties, which may be substituted with substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl groups, ether moieties, and/or amine moieties. A method of preparing the silicon glycan is also provided. The method includes reacting (A) an aminoethyl polysaccharide and (B) an anhydride-functional organosilicon compound, to give the silicon glycan. The method may include preparing the aminoethyl polysaccharide (A) by reacting (A1) a hydroxyl-functional polysaccharide and (A2) an aziridinium halide compound to give the aminoethyl polysaccharide (A).

A silicon glycan is provided. The silicon glycan comprises a glycoside moiety, independently selected organosilicon moieties, and amide moieties joining the organosilicon moieties to the glycoside moiety. The glycoside moiety comprises independently selected saccharide moieties, which may be substituted with substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl groups, ether moieties, and/or amine moieties. A method of preparing the silicon glycan is also provided. The method includes reacting (A) an aminoethyl polysaccharide and (B) an anhydride-functional organosilicon compound, to give the silicon glycan. The method may include preparing the aminoethyl polysaccharide (A) by reacting (A1) a hydroxyl-functional polysaccharide and (A2) an aziridinium halide compound to give the aminoethyl polysaccharide (A).

Lignocellulosic biomass can be fractionated for the purpose of increasing cellulose purity in the pulp, increasing native lignin content of the isolated lignin, and improving cellulose hydrolysis, by performing the steps of: (a) extracting the biomass with an extracting liquid comprising at least 20 wt % of a first organic solvent at a temperature below 100° C.; (b) treating the extracted biomass with a treatment liquid comprising a second organic solvent selected from lower alcohols, ethers and ketones, optionally water and optionally an acid, at a temperature between 120° C. and 280° C., and, optionally: (c) subjecting a cellulose-enriched product stream resulting from step (b) to enzymatic hydrolysis. The first and second organic solvent may be different or the same; in particular they comprise ethanol or acetone.

The present invention provides an improved process for the preparation of Dalteparin sodium. The process is simple, commercially viable and industrially advantageous.