The polymerization stability and the chemical stability and the water resistance of resin films are improved. A surfactant composition according to an embodiment contains a surfactant (A) represented by general formula (1) and an anionic surfactant (B) having a hydrophobic group different from that of the surfactant (A). R.sup.1 represents an alkyl group with 8 to 14 carbon atoms, A represents an alkylene group with 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and n representing an average number of moles of an oxyalkylene group added represents 1 to 100.

##STR00001##

A monoallophanate can be used in paint or adhesive compositions. The monoallophanate has the formula 1: ##STR00001##
where R, R.sup.1-R.sup.6 are each independently identical or different hydrocarbyl radicals having 1-8 carbon atoms, which may be branched or cyclic, or else may be integrated together to form a cyclic system, and m and n are each independently 0-2.

A monoallophanate can be used in paint or adhesive compositions. The monoallophanate has the formula 1: ##STR00001##
where R, R.sup.1-R.sup.6 are each independently identical or different hydrocarbyl radicals having 1-8 carbon atoms, which may be branched or cyclic, or else may be integrated together to form a cyclic system, and m and n are each independently 0-2.

Various embodiments disclosed relate to pore inducers and porous abrasive forms made using the same. In various embodiments, the present invention provides a method of forming a porous abrasive form including heating an abrasive composition including pore inducers to form the porous abrasive form. During the heating the pore inducers in the porous abrasive form reduce in volume to form induced pores in the porous abrasive form.

Various embodiments disclosed relate to pore inducers and porous abrasive forms made using the same. In various embodiments, the present invention provides a method of forming a porous abrasive form including heating an abrasive composition including pore inducers to form the porous abrasive form. During the heating the pore inducers in the porous abrasive form reduce in volume to form induced pores in the porous abrasive form.

A method of producing an optical material, wherein a polymerizable composition intended to polymerize to form the optical material comprises: a) monomeric compounds adapted to polymerize, b) at least one catalyst for initiating the polymerization of said monomeric compounds, and c) from more than 1,500 ppm to 3,000 ppm of a release agent, as compared to the total weight of the polymerizable composition, and wherein said polymerizable composition is polymerized under a polymerization cycle including a plurality of steps, the global duration of the polymerization cycle being of less than 19 hours.

A method of producing an optical material, wherein a polymerizable composition intended to polymerize to form the optical material comprises: a) monomeric compounds adapted to polymerize, b) at least one catalyst for initiating the polymerization of said monomeric compounds, and c) from more than 1,500 ppm to 3,000 ppm of a release agent, as compared to the total weight of the polymerizable composition, and wherein said polymerizable composition is polymerized under a polymerization cycle including a plurality of steps, the global duration of the polymerization cycle being of less than 19 hours.

A fluorene-based photoinitiator, a preparation method thereof, a photocurable composition having the same, and use thereof in the field of photocuring are disclosed. In some embodiments, the fluorene-based photoinitiator has a structure represented by Formula I, wherein X is -A-(X).sub.n, wherein A is selected from a heteroatom which is selected from O, N, or S, X is selected from a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 linear alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 branched alkyl group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group substituted with a C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl group or one or more of carbon atoms in X are substituted with a heteroatom, and n is 1 or 2; and R.sub.4 is a hydroxy group or a N-morpholinyl group. In some embodiments, the fluorene-based photoinitiator comprises a structure represented by Formula II.

A method for producing a polyacrylic acid (salt)-based water absorbent resin, sequentially including the steps of: storing or producing acrylic acid; mixing acrylic acid containing a polymerization inhibitor with water, a crosslinking agent, and optionally, a basic composition, and/or neutralizing them, to prepare an aqueous monomer solution; polymerizing the aqueous monomer solution; drying an obtained water-containing gel-like crosslinked polymer; and optionally carrying out surface crosslinking, wherein the acrylic acid containing the polymerization inhibitor has a water content of not higher than 1,000 ppm (by mass; the same applies hereinafter), and/or the aqueous monomer solution has a formic acid content of 1 to 700 ppm, relative to the monomer.

A binder for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery electrode and use thereof are described. The binder contains a crosslinked polymer or salt thereof, the crosslinked polymer having an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and a crosslinkable monomer in constituent monomers thereof, or salt thereof, wherein the crosslinked polymer includes the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid in an amount of 20 to 99.95 mass % of the total constituent monomers, and the crosslinked polymer includes at least one compound selected from the group made of trimethylolpropane diallyl ether and trimethylolpropane triallyl ether as the crosslinkable monomer.