A fluororesin that includes a residue unit represented by formula (1), and a terminal group represented by formula (2); and a fluororesin that includes a residue unit represented by formula (1) and has a transmittance of 50% or more measured at an optical path length of 10 mm and a wavelength of 275 nm when dissolved in perfluorohexane to produce a 10 wt % perfluorohexane solution. In formula (1): Rf.sub.1, Rf.sub.2, Rf.sub.3, and Rf.sub.4 each independently represent one selected from the group consisting of fluorine atoms, C1-7 linear perfluoroalkyl groups, C3-7 branched perfluoroalkyl groups, or C3-7 cyclic perfluoroalkyl groups; the perfluoroalkyl groups may have an etheric oxygen atom; Rf.sub.1, Rf.sub.2, Rf.sub.3, and Rf.sub.4 may bond to each other to form a ring having 4 to 8 carbon atoms; and the ring may include an etheric oxygen atom. In formula (2), i is an integer of 3-20.

##STR00001##

##STR00002##

Provided is a membrane electrode assembly having excellent power generation performance and durability. A membrane electrode assembly includes: a solid polymer electrolyte membrane; an anode catalyst layer disposed on one surface of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane; and a cathode catalyst layer disposed on the other surface of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane. The membrane electrode assembly includes metal ions selected from cerium ions and manganese ions and a host compound capable of forming an inclusion compound with the metal ions. The cathode catalyst layer includes at least an electrode catalyst and a sulfonyl group-containing polymer. The sulfonyl group-containing polymer includes a constituent unit (u1) having a sulfonyl group and a constituent unit (u2) having a ring structure. The constituent unit (u2) having a ring structure is at least one selected from a constituent unit expressed by Formula (u2-1) or a constituent unit expressed by Formula (u2-2).

Provided is a membrane electrode assembly having excellent power generation performance and durability. A membrane electrode assembly includes: a solid polymer electrolyte membrane; an anode catalyst layer disposed on one surface of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane; and a cathode catalyst layer disposed on the other surface of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane. The membrane electrode assembly includes metal ions selected from cerium ions and manganese ions and a host compound capable of forming an inclusion compound with the metal ions. The cathode catalyst layer includes at least an electrode catalyst and a sulfonyl group-containing polymer. The sulfonyl group-containing polymer includes a constituent unit (u1) having a sulfonyl group and a constituent unit (u2) having a ring structure. The constituent unit (u2) having a ring structure is at least one selected from a constituent unit expressed by Formula (u2-1) or a constituent unit expressed by Formula (u2-2).

A resist composition comprising a polymer comprising recurring units having an optionally substituted brominated phenol has advantages including high sensitivity, high resolution and reduced acid diffusion and forms a pattern of good profile with improved CDU.

A resist composition comprising a polymer comprising recurring units having an optionally substituted brominated phenol has advantages including high sensitivity, high resolution and reduced acid diffusion and forms a pattern of good profile with improved CDU.

The disclosure provides a production method capable of producing a hollow fine particulate containing a fluorine-containing resin and having a large average particle size. The production method includes a step A of dispersing a solution containing a fluorinated monomer and a non-polymerizable solvent into water to provide a dispersion; a step B of polymerizing the fluorinated monomer to provide a phase-separated fine particulate containing a fluorine-containing resin; and a step C of removing the non-polymerizable solvent in the phase-separated fine particulate to provide a hollow fine particulate.

The present invention provides multifunctional monomers, including, but not limited to include multifunctional methylene malonate and methylene beta-ketoester monomers; methods for producing the same; and compositions and products formed therefrom. The multifunctional monomers of the invention may be produced by transesterification or by direct synthesis from monofunctional methylene malonate monomers or methylene beta-ketoester monomers. The present invention further compositions and products formed from methylene beta-ketoester monomers of the invention, including monomer-based products (e.g., inks, adhesives, coatings, sealants or reactive molding) and polymer-based products (e.g., fibers, films, sheets, medical polymers, composite polymers and surfactants).

The present invention provides multifunctional monomers, including, but not limited to include multifunctional methylene malonate and methylene beta-ketoester monomers; methods for producing the same; and compositions and products formed therefrom. The multifunctional monomers of the invention may be produced by transesterification or by direct synthesis from monofunctional methylene malonate monomers or methylene beta-ketoester monomers. The present invention further compositions and products formed from methylene beta-ketoester monomers of the invention, including monomer-based products (e.g., inks, adhesives, coatings, sealants or reactive molding) and polymer-based products (e.g., fibers, films, sheets, medical polymers, composite polymers and surfactants).

1) Hydrocarbon-based polymer of formula (I): ##STR00001## in which F.sup.1 and F.sup.2 have the respective formulae (IIa) and (IIb) or (IIa) and (IIb): ##STR00002## a process for its preparation, and use as an adhesive.

A primary object of the present disclosure is to provide: a fluoropolymer composition that has a low refraction index and that comprises a structural unit having a fluorine-containing aliphatic ring, the fluorine-containing aliphatic ring having one, two, or three ethereal oxygen atoms as ring-constituting atoms; a production method therefor; and the like. The present disclosure relates to a fluorine-containing composition comprising two or more fluorine-containing polymers (A), each containing as a main component a structural unit having a fluorine-containing aliphatic ring, the fluorine-containing aliphatic ring having one, two, or three ethereal oxygen atoms as ring-constituting atoms; and the like.