Scale-inhibiting polymers comprising one or more scale-inhibiting units and one or more tagging units, wherein each tagging unit is formed from a compound of Formula I, II, III, or IV, or a salt, hydrate, salt hydrate, stereoisomer, dehydrate or derivative thereof. Scale-inhibiting compositions comprising the scale-inhibiting polymers, processes for determining a concentration of a scale-inhibiting polymer for inhibiting scale formation, and methods for preventing or controlling scale formation in systems comprising fluid circulation with the scale-inhibiting polymers are also disclosed herein.

Described are polymerizable high energy light absorbing compounds of formula I: ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8, R.sup.9, and X are as described herein. The compounds absorb various wavelengths of ultraviolet and/or high energy visible light and are suitable for incorporation in various products, such as biomedical devices and ophthalmic devices.

Described are polymerizable high energy light absorbing compounds of formula I: ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8, R.sup.9, and X are as described herein. The compounds absorb various wavelengths of ultraviolet and/or high energy visible light and are suitable for incorporation in various products, such as biomedical devices and ophthalmic devices.

Provided herein are coated substrates. Also provided herein are methods for attaching phosphonates, phosphonic acids, or derivatives thereof to an organic or an inorganic substrate (e.g., a metal oxide substrate) via phosphonate chemistry to form the coated substrates provided herein.

Provided herein are coated substrates. Also provided herein are methods for attaching phosphonates, phosphonic acids, or derivatives thereof to an organic or an inorganic substrate (e.g., a metal oxide substrate) via phosphonate chemistry to form the coated substrates provided herein.

Provided is a curable resin composition with which a cured object with low water absorbency and good impact resistance and heat resistance can be formed and which is preferably usable in three-dimensional shaping. The curable resin composition contains: a polyfunctional urethane (meth)acrylate (A); a hydrophilic monofunctional radical-polymerizable compound (B); a hydrophobic monofunctional radical-polymerizable compound (C); rubber particles (D); and a radical polymerization initiator (E), and the content of the rubber particles (D) is 8 parts by mass or more and 50 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of radical-polymerizable compounds.

Provided is a curable resin composition with which a cured object with low water absorbency and good impact resistance and heat resistance can be formed and which is preferably usable in three-dimensional shaping. The curable resin composition contains: a polyfunctional urethane (meth)acrylate (A); a hydrophilic monofunctional radical-polymerizable compound (B); a hydrophobic monofunctional radical-polymerizable compound (C); rubber particles (D); and a radical polymerization initiator (E), and the content of the rubber particles (D) is 8 parts by mass or more and 50 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of radical-polymerizable compounds.

An aqueous dispersion including a polymer having a 2-oxazoline group; and a surfactant, the surfactant containing a sulfuric acid ester compound represented by the following Chemical Formula (S):
R.sup.1O(R.sup.2O)nSO.sub.3X(S)
wherein R.sup.1 represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 8 to 20 carbon atoms; R.sup.2 represents an alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms; n represents 2 to 15; and X represents a monovalent cation.

An aqueous dispersion including a polymer having a 2-oxazoline group; and a surfactant, the surfactant containing a sulfuric acid ester compound represented by the following Chemical Formula (S):
R.sup.1O(R.sup.2O)nSO.sub.3X(S)
wherein R.sup.1 represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 8 to 20 carbon atoms; R.sup.2 represents an alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms; n represents 2 to 15; and X represents a monovalent cation.

Polymers including bifunctional mono- or poly-cyclic heterocyclic or heteroaromatic repeating units having disinfecting activity, compositions thereof, and methods for disinfecting surfaces utilizing the compositions. The method for disinfecting includes brushing, spraying, wiping, casting, dipping, or vapor coating, to the surface a disinfecting material to thereby render the surface antiseptic. The surface being disinfected by this method may be smooth, rough, tough, or soft, and may be selected from a cardboard, cloth, stainless steel or metallic surface, plastic, glass, wood, paper, surgical glove, or skin.