The present invention provides a stress measuring method including: irradiating a photoelastic product including a measurement subject with light penetrating a linear polarizing film and a phase difference film in this order, and detecting reflected light from the product which is derived from the light via the phase difference film and the linear polarizing film in this order, in which in-plane retardation Re (550) of the phase difference film with light having a wavelength of 550 nm satisfies 100 nmRe (550 nm)700 nm, and in-plane retardation Re (450) of the phase difference film with light having a wavelength of 450 nm satisfies Re (450)/Re (550)0.9, a stress measuring member including the linear polarizing film and the phase difference film, and a stress measuring set including the stress measuring member and a stress displaying member including a photoelastic layer.

A dispersion liquid including one of thiophene and derivatives thereof, a polyanion, and a solvent is prepared. The dispersion liquid is mixed with a first oxidizing agent producing iron ions so as to oxidatively polymerize the one of thiophene and derivatives thereof. At the completion of the polymerization, the conductive polymer microparticle dispersion contains trivalent iron ions with a concentration of 3 to 30 parts by weight, inclusive, with respect to 100 parts by weight of the conductive polymer microparticle.

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization of apopinene and related functionalized monomers and corresponding polymer products.

The present invention refers to processes for preparing catalyst loaded polyphenylene particles, the so-obtained polyphenylene particles and their use as catalysts.

The present invention relates to methods and compositions for olefin metathesis. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods and compositions for ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) reactions and the manufacture of polymer articles and/or polymer composite articles via ROMP Polymer products produced via the metathesis reactions of the invention may be utilized in a wide range of materials and composite applications. The invention has utility in the fields of polymer and materials chemistry and manufacture.

A molecule includes at least one moiety represented by: ##STR00001##
where R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 are independently selected from hydride group and groups different from hydride group, and X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 are bridging moieties including a carbon atom or a heteroatom.

Disclosed is a polymer having a chemical formula: ##STR00001##
wherein x is 10%90%, y is 10% to 90%, and x+y=100%; R.sup.1 is H, CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, OCH.sub.3, O(CH.sub.2).sub.nCH.sub.3, wherein n=112, NH.sub.2, N(CH.sub.3).sub.2, N(CH.sub.2).sub.nCH.sub.3, wherein n=112, Br, Cl, OH, SO.sub.3Na, SO3H, or SO.sub.2Cl; R.sup.2 is H, COOH, COOCH.sub.3, COO(CH2).sub.nCH.sub.3, wherein n=112, SO.sub.3Na, SO.sub.3H, SO.sub.2Cl, OH, CONH.sub.2, CON(CH.sub.3).sub.2, CON(CH.sub.2).sub.n(CH.sub.3).sub.2, wherein n=112, Br, or Cl; and R.sup.3 is SO.sub.3Na, SO.sub.3H, PO.sub.3H, SO.sub.2Cl. OH, H, COOH, COOCH.sub.3, COO(CH.sub.2)nCH.sub.3, wherein n=112, CONH.sub.2, CON(CH.sub.3).sub.2, CON(CH.sub.2).sub.n(CH.sub.3).sub.2, wherein n=112, Br, or Cl.

Disclosed is a polymer having a chemical formula: ##STR00001##
wherein x is 10%90%, y is 10% to 90%, and x+y=100%; R.sup.1 is H, CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, OCH.sub.3, O(CH.sub.2).sub.nCH.sub.3, wherein n=112, NH.sub.2, N(CH.sub.3).sub.2, N(CH.sub.2).sub.nCH.sub.3, wherein n=112, Br, Cl, OH, SO.sub.3Na, SO3H, or SO.sub.2Cl; R.sup.2 is H, COOH, COOCH.sub.3, COO(CH2).sub.nCH.sub.3, wherein n=112, SO.sub.3Na, SO.sub.3H, SO.sub.2Cl, OH, CONH.sub.2, CON(CH.sub.3).sub.2, CON(CH.sub.2).sub.n(CH.sub.3).sub.2, wherein n=112, Br, or Cl; and R.sup.3 is SO.sub.3Na, SO.sub.3H, PO.sub.3H, SO.sub.2Cl. OH, H, COOH, COOCH.sub.3, COO(CH.sub.2)nCH.sub.3, wherein n=112, CONH.sub.2, CON(CH.sub.3).sub.2, CON(CH.sub.2).sub.n(CH.sub.3).sub.2, wherein n=112, Br, or Cl.

Provided are a vinylcyclopropane that exhibits volume expansion upon homopolymerization and that enables improved solvent solubility, a monomer composition that contains the vinylcyclopropane, a polymer of the vinylcyclopropane, a polymer composition that contains the polymer, and an article that is obtainable through curing of the monomer composition. The vinylcyclopropane is represented by general formula (I) shown below. ##STR00001##

The present invention provides a stress measuring method including: irradiating a photoelastic product including a measurement subject with light penetrating a linear polarizing film and a phase difference film in this order, and detecting reflected light from the product which is derived from the light via the phase difference film and the linear polarizing film in this order, in which in-plane retardation Re (550) of the phase difference film with light having a wavelength of 550 nm satisfies 100 nmRe (550 nm)700 nm, and in-plane retardation Re (450) of the phase difference film with light having a wavelength of 450 nm satisfies Re (450)/Re (550)0.9, a stress measuring member including the linear polarizing film and the phase difference film, and a stress measuring set including the stress measuring member and a stress displaying member including a photoelastic layer.