The present application relates to a novel phthalonitrile compound and a use thereof. The phthalonitrile compound has a novel structure and can exhibit excellent effects in a use known for which a phthalonitrile compound can be applied. The use of the phthalonitrile compound can be exemplified by a material or a precursor such as a phthalonitrile resin, a phthalonitrile dye, a fluorescent whitening agent, a photographic sensitizer, or an acid anhydride.

The present application relates to a novel phthalonitrile compound and a use thereof. The phthalonitrile compound has a novel structure and can exhibit excellent effects in a use known for which a phthalonitrile compound can be applied. The use of the phthalonitrile compound can be exemplified by a material or a precursor such as a phthalonitrile resin, a phthalonitrile dye, a fluorescent whitening agent, a photographic sensitizer, or an acid anhydride.

A resin composition having an epoxy resin (A) represented by general formula (1); and a cyanate compound (B).

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Lyophilized chromophoric polymer dot compositions are provided. Also disclosed are methods of making and using the lyophilized compositions, methods of dispersing the lyophilized compositions in aqueous solutions and kits supplying the compositions.

Lyophilized chromophoric polymer dot compositions are provided. Also disclosed are methods of making and using the lyophilized compositions, methods of dispersing the lyophilized compositions in aqueous solutions and kits supplying the compositions.

A tetracarboxylic dianhydride, which is a compound represented by the following general formula (1): ##STR00001##
[in the formula (1), A represents a divalent aromatic group in which the number of carbon atoms forming an aromatic ring is 6 to 30 or the like, and multiple R.sup.1s each independently represent a hydrogen atom or the like].

A resin film is provided. When the resin film is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the Fourier transform infrared spectrum of the resin film has a signal intensity A from 2205 cm.sup.?1 to 2322 cm.sup.?1 and a signal intensity B from 1472 cm.sup.?1 to 1523 cm.sup.?1, and 0.70?A/B?1.95.

A resin film is provided. When the resin film is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the Fourier transform infrared spectrum of the resin film has a signal intensity A from 2205 cm.sup.?1 to 2322 cm.sup.?1 and a signal intensity B from 1472 cm.sup.?1 to 1523 cm.sup.?1, and 0.70?A/B?1.95.

The present disclosure is directed to methods of forming polyimide gels. The methods generally include forming a polyamic acid and dehydrating the polyamic acid with a dehydrating agent in the presence of water. The resulting polyimide gels may be converted to polyimide or carbon xerogels or aerogels. The methods are advantageous in providing rapid or even instantaneous gelation, which may be particularly useful in formation of beads comprising the polyimide gels. Polyimide or carbon gel materials prepared according to the disclosed method are suitable for use in environments containing electrochemical reactions, for example as an electrode material within a lithium-ion battery.

Chemical compositions are provided having the structure of Formula (I): ##STR00001##
where R includes at least one aromatic moiety, and X and X may both or independently include an aromatic moiety, an aliphatic moiety, or a hydrogen. Additionally, chemical formulations are provided which include the chemical composition having the structure of Formula (I) and at least one solvent.