A method for forming a conjugated heteroaromatic polymer is described, wherein at least one compound of formula (1) is polymerized using an acid as a catalyst, ##STR00001##
wherein X is selected from S, O, Se, Te, PR.sup.2 and NR.sup.2, Y is hydrogen (H) or a precursor of a good leaving group Y.sup.− whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pK.sub.a of less than 30, Z is hydrogen (H), silyl, or a good leaving group whose conjugate acid (HZ) has a pK.sub.a of less than 30, b is 0, 1 or 2, each R.sup.1 is a substituent, and the at least one compound of formula (1) being polymerized includes at least one compound of formula (1) with Z=H and Y≠H.

A method for forming a conjugated heteroaromatic polymer is described, wherein at least one compound of formula (1) is polymerized using an acid as a catalyst, ##STR00001##
wherein X is selected from S, O, Se, Te, PR.sup.2 and NR.sup.2, Y is hydrogen (H) or a precursor of a good leaving group Y.sup.− whose conjugate acid (HY) has a pK.sub.a of less than 30, Z is hydrogen (H), silyl, or a good leaving group whose conjugate acid (HZ) has a pK.sub.a of less than 30, b is 0, 1 or 2, each R.sup.1 is a substituent, and the at least one compound of formula (1) being polymerized includes at least one compound of formula (1) with Z=H and Y≠H.

Disclosed are antisense molecules and compositions for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infection. The antisense molecules and compositions comprise nucleic acid molecules, such as RNA, DNA, or nucleic acid molecules with modified backbones, such as PNA. The antisense molecules and compositions inhibit expression of membrane stability proteins in Staphylococcus aureus; are optionally conjugated to cell penetration molecules such as peptides; and are optionally administered in the form of a nanoparticle composition.

Disclosed are antisense molecules and compositions for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infection. The antisense molecules and compositions comprise nucleic acid molecules, such as RNA, DNA, or nucleic acid molecules with modified backbones, such as PNA. The antisense molecules and compositions inhibit expression of membrane stability proteins in Staphylococcus aureus; are optionally conjugated to cell penetration molecules such as peptides; and are optionally administered in the form of a nanoparticle composition.

Provided are a Gemini-type alkyl-polyoxyalkylene-modified silicone suitable for use in preparing a silicone emulsion; a production method of thereof; and a defoaming agent composition containing such Gemini-type alkyl-polyoxyalkylene-modified silicone. The Gemini-type alkyl-polyoxyalkylene-modified silicone is expressed by the following general formula (A): ##STR00001##
wherein each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 represents an alkyl group or the like; n represents an integer of 0 to 300; and (B) represents a group expressed by the following general formula (1) or general formula (2): ##STR00002##
wherein each of R.sup.7 and X represents a hydrocarbon group; R.sup.8 represents a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group, a formyl group or an acyl group; and a and b represent numbers satisfying 2≦a≦200 and 0≦b≦200, provided that a+b=2 to 200.

Provided are a Gemini-type alkyl-polyoxyalkylene-modified silicone suitable for use in preparing a silicone emulsion; a production method of thereof; and a defoaming agent composition containing such Gemini-type alkyl-polyoxyalkylene-modified silicone. The Gemini-type alkyl-polyoxyalkylene-modified silicone is expressed by the following general formula (A): ##STR00001##
wherein each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 represents an alkyl group or the like; n represents an integer of 0 to 300; and (B) represents a group expressed by the following general formula (1) or general formula (2): ##STR00002##
wherein each of R.sup.7 and X represents a hydrocarbon group; R.sup.8 represents a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group, a formyl group or an acyl group; and a and b represent numbers satisfying 2≦a≦200 and 0≦b≦200, provided that a+b=2 to 200.

Copolymers comprising cellulose and starch connected by at least one cross-linker, methods of producing the copolymers, and formed articles comprising the copolymers are described herein. The copolymers may be biodegradable and may have improved physical properties when compared to the homopolymers and other biodegradable polymers. In some embodiments, the copolymer may be more flexible than unmodified cellulose may have better structural integrity than unmodified starch.

Copolymers comprising cellulose and starch connected by at least one cross-linker, methods of producing the copolymers, and formed articles comprising the copolymers are described herein. The copolymers may be biodegradable and may have improved physical properties when compared to the homopolymers and other biodegradable polymers. In some embodiments, the copolymer may be more flexible than unmodified cellulose may have better structural integrity than unmodified starch.

By incorporating a polyoxyalkylene-modified organo(poly)siloxane compound having a specific structure as an emulsifier or emulsification aid, an organopolysiloxane having a high degree of polymerization can be easily emulsified. The obtained organpolysiloxane emulsion composition has excellent resistance to polar solvents including DMF and is dispersible in water. When incorporated into a resin composition of either the solvent-based type including an organic solvent or the water-based type, the emulsion composition can hence impart slipperiness, wear resistance, and glossiness without causing cissing or blushing.

A flame retardant block copolymer is prepared from renewable content. In an exemplary synthetic method, a bio-derived flame retardant block copolymer is prepared by a ring opening polymerization of a biobased cyclic ester and a phosphorus-containing polymer. In some embodiments, the biobased cyclic ester is lactide. In some embodiments, the phosphorus-containing polymer is a hydroxyl-telechelic flame retardant biopolymer prepared by a polycondensation reaction of a biobased diol (e.g., isosorbide) and a phosphorus-containing monomer (e.g., phenylphosphonic dichloride). In other embodiments, the phosphorus-containing polymer is synthesized from a dioxaphospholane monomer.