Composite structures including an ion-conducting material and a polymeric material (e.g., a separator) to protect electrodes are generally described. The ion-conducting material may be in the form of a layer that is bonded to a polymeric separator. The ion-conducting material may comprise a lithium oxysulfide having a lithium-ion conductivity of at least at least 10.sup.−6 S/cm.

Composite structures including an ion-conducting material and a polymeric material (e.g., a separator) to protect electrodes are generally described. The ion-conducting material may be in the form of a layer that is bonded to a polymeric separator. The ion-conducting material may comprise a lithium oxysulfide having a lithium-ion conductivity of at least at least 10.sup.−6 S/cm.

A circuit substrate comprising, in the following stacked order, a resin base material 1 having a dielectric loss tangent of 0.015 or lower, a polyaniline layer 2 comprising a substituted or unsubstituted polyaniline, and a metal layer 3, wherein the metal layer 3 has a surface roughness Rz.sub.JIS of 0.5 μm or less at the surface on the side of the polyaniline layer 2.

A method for the direct fluorination of plastics and articles made from plastics is presented. The novel method includes ensuring extremely low oxygen and moisture content in the chamber before the primary fluorination step, ramping the fluorine concentration during the fluorination step, and providing a quenching step for improved shelf-life. Containers processed by the novel method demonstrate a marked improvement in barrier properties for organic solutions.

Provided is an image recording method including a step of preparing at least two ink compositions including a first ink composition that contains a polymerizable liquid crystal compound, a chiral compound, a polymerization initiator, and an organic solvent and a second ink composition that contains a polymerizable liquid crystal compound, a chiral compound, a polymerization initiator, and an organic solvent, a step of applying the first ink composition onto a substrate by an inkjet recording method, a step of forming a first ink film by irradiating the first ink composition applied onto the substrate with an active energy ray, a step of applying the second ink composition onto the first ink film by an inkjet recording method, and a step of forming a second ink film by irradiating the second ink composition applied onto the first ink film with an active energy ray, in which the first ink film has a hexadecane-contacting angle of 45° or less.

Provided is a formed article containing a modified polytetrafluoroethylene, wherein the modified polytetrafluoroethylene contains tetrafluoroethylene unit and a modifying monomer unit based on a modifying monomer copolymerizable with tetrafluoroethylene, wherein a content of the modifying monomer unit in the modified polytetrafluoroethylene is 0.001 to 1% by mass based on the total amount of tetrafluoroethylene unit and the modifying monomer unit, and wherein the formed article has a thickness of 100 μm or more, and is provided by irradiation with radiation having an acceleration voltage of 30 to 300 kV.

A method for modifying optical properties of a synthetic resin increases a transmittance by modifying, removing, or reducing factors which absorb wavelengths in an ultraviolet range, such that it is possible to maintain stable and excellent reliability even after a long-term use. In a method for modifying optical properties of a synthetic resin, a modification treatment which is an energy irradiation treatment is performed on a cured product made of a synthetic resin to increase a transmittance in an ultraviolet range. For example, the modification treatment which is at least one of a photo-oxidation treatment and a thermal oxidation treatment is performed on the cured product made of the synthetic resin to increase the transmittance.

An ultraviolet LED optical member has high transmittance in an ultraviolet range, is stable even by long-term use and has excellent reliability. The ultraviolet LED optical member exhibits optical characteristics in which the average transmittance at wavelengths from 200 to 300 nm is 50% or more by having an optical member made of an organic resin. The optical member for this ultraviolet LED optical member preferably exhibits optical characteristics in which the transmittance of at least any wavelength from 200 to 250 nm is at least 60%.

To provide a piezoelectric body film that can suppress decrease in the piezoelectric constant d31, a method of producing a piezoelectric body film, and a piezoelectric body device. A piezoelectric body film comprising a fluororesin as a piezoelectric material, the fluororesin containing, as a main constituent unit, a repeating unit derived from vinylidene fluoride, a piezoelectric constant d31 of the piezoelectric body film being 20 pC/N or greater, and an extrapolated onset temperature at start of shrinkage determined by TMA measurement being not lower than 90° C. and not higher than 115° C. The difference between piezoelectric constants d31 measured before and after heating the piezoelectric body film at 100° C. for 24 hours relative to the piezoelectric constant d31 before the heating for 24 hours is 20% or less.

A method for producing a plastic element provided with fine surface roughness is provided. In the method, etching of a surface of the plastic element is performed separately in a first step and in a second step, in the first step, fine roughness having a predetermined average value of pitch in the range from 0.05 to 1 micrometer is generated on the surface through reactive ion etching in an atmosphere of a first gas; and in the second step, an average value of depth of the fine roughness generated in the first step is adjusted to a predetermined value in the range from 0.15 to 1.5 micrometers while the predetermined average value of pitch is substantially maintained through reactive ion etching in an atmosphere of a second gas, reactivity to the plastic element of the second gas being lower than reactivity to the plastic element of the first gas.