A modified starch product includes a quantity of particles, each having a starch core with an intermediate polymer coating and an exterior coating of a nano-silica. A method for manufacturing a modified starch product including admixing to a silicate and water to form a nano-silica solution; admixing an original starch and a polymer to form particles with a starch core having an intermediate polymer layer; admixing the nano-silica solution and the starch particles having an intermediate polymer layer to form a suspension of the modified starch product; dewatering the suspension of the modified starch product; and drying the modified starch product to form the modified starch having particles including the starch core with the intermediate polymer coating and the exterior coating of a nano-silica. A rubber formulation includes a quantity of elastomer and a quantity of the modified starch. The particles are substantially evenly distributed throughout the elastomer.

A modified starch product includes a quantity of particles, each having a starch core with an intermediate polymer coating and an exterior coating of a nano-silica. A method for manufacturing a modified starch product including admixing to a silicate and water to form a nano-silica solution; admixing an original starch and a polymer to form particles with a starch core having an intermediate polymer layer; admixing the nano-silica solution and the starch particles having an intermediate polymer layer to form a suspension of the modified starch product; dewatering the suspension of the modified starch product; and drying the modified starch product to form the modified starch having particles including the starch core with the intermediate polymer coating and the exterior coating of a nano-silica. A rubber formulation includes a quantity of elastomer and a quantity of the modified starch. The particles are substantially evenly distributed throughout the elastomer.

A rubber modifier for a tire includes rosins and/or terpenes and at least one kind of nitrogen-containing compound selected from the group consisting of a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound, a tertiary amine compound, and an amino alcohol.

A coated fiber for polymer reinforcement is disclosed. The coated fiber comprises a fiber and a coating disposed about said fiber. The fiber has a denier of from about 250 to about 3,000. The coating comprises a branched polyethylene imine. The fiber is present in the coated fiber in an amount of from about 80 to about 99.8 percent by weight and the coating is present in the coated fiber in an amount of from about 0.2 to about 20 percent by weight, with percent by weight based on the total weight of the coated fiber. A method of producing the coated fiber is also disclosed.

A coated fiber for polymer reinforcement is disclosed. The coated fiber comprises a fiber and a coating disposed about said fiber. The fiber has a denier of from about 250 to about 3,000. The coating comprises a branched polyethylene imine. The fiber is present in the coated fiber in an amount of from about 80 to about 99.8 percent by weight and the coating is present in the coated fiber in an amount of from about 0.2 to about 20 percent by weight, with percent by weight based on the total weight of the coated fiber. A method of producing the coated fiber is also disclosed.

A laminated pre-applied membrane is provided. The membrane comprises a layer of polyethylene and a rubber or rubber-based layer.

A laminated pre-applied membrane is provided. The membrane comprises a layer of polyethylene and a rubber or rubber-based layer.

The invention relates to silane mixtures comprising a silane of the formula I
(R.sup.1).sub.y(R.sup.2).sub.3-ySi—R.sup.3—(S—R.sup.4).sub.n—S.sub.x—R.sup.5  (I)
and a silane of the formula II
(R.sup.1).sub.y(R.sup.2).sub.3-ySi—R.sup.3—Si(R.sup.1).sub.y(R.sup.2).sub.3-y  (II)
where the molar ratio of silane of the formula I to silane of the formula II is 15:85-90:10. The silane mixture according to the invention can be prepared by mixing the silanes of the formula I and silanes of the formula II.

The invention relates to silane mixtures comprising a silane of the formula I
(R.sup.1).sub.y(R.sup.2).sub.3-ySi—R.sup.3—(S—R.sup.4).sub.n—S.sub.x—R.sup.5  (I)
and a silane of the formula II
(R.sup.1).sub.y(R.sup.2).sub.3-ySi—R.sup.3—Si(R.sup.1).sub.y(R.sup.2).sub.3-y  (II)
where the molar ratio of silane of the formula I to silane of the formula II is 15:85-90:10. The silane mixture according to the invention can be prepared by mixing the silanes of the formula I and silanes of the formula II.

The invention relates to silane mixtures comprising a silane of the formula I
((R.sup.1).sub.y(R.sup.2).sub.3-ySi—R.sup.3—SH  (I)
and a silane of the formula II
(R.sup.1).sub.y(R.sup.2).sub.3-ySi—R.sup.3—(S—R.sup.4).sub.z—Si(R.sup.1).sub.y(R.sup.2).sub.3-y  (II)
where the molar ratio of silane of the formula I to silane of the formula II is 20:80-85:15. The silane mixture according to the invention can be prepared by mixing the silanes of the formula I and silanes of the formula II.