In one embodiment, a mixture includes a polyfunctional monomer having at least one functional group amenable to polymerization, a porogen, and a polymerization initiator. In another embodiment, a product includes a porous three-dimensional structure formed by additive manufacturing, where the porous three-dimensional structure has ligaments arranged in a geometric pattern, the ligaments defining pores therebetween. The pores have an average diameter greater than about 10 microns, where an average length scale of the ligaments is greater than 100 nanometers. The ligaments are nanoporous, where at least 80% of a volume measured according to outer dimensions of the porous three-dimensional structure corresponds to the pores.

In one embodiment, a mixture includes a polyfunctional monomer having at least one functional group amenable to polymerization, a porogen, and a polymerization initiator. In another embodiment, a product includes a porous three-dimensional structure formed by additive manufacturing, where the porous three-dimensional structure has ligaments arranged in a geometric pattern, the ligaments defining pores therebetween. The pores have an average diameter greater than about 10 microns, where an average length scale of the ligaments is greater than 100 nanometers. The ligaments are nanoporous, where at least 80% of a volume measured according to outer dimensions of the porous three-dimensional structure corresponds to the pores.

A preparation method of vinyl ester resin for optimizing heat-release during curing includes: (A) providing a vinyl ester, a solvent and a phase change material to perform mixture; (B) performing a heating process to remove the solvent, so as to obtain a vinyl ester resin containing the phase change material. Thereby, the organic PCM material with high heat absorption and good resin affinity can be used as the temperature control agent of the vinyl ester resin during the curing process for avoiding the defects such as bubbles and cracks being generated in the vinyl ester resin.

A preparation method of vinyl ester resin for optimizing heat-release during curing includes: (A) providing a vinyl ester, a solvent and a phase change material to perform mixture; (B) performing a heating process to remove the solvent, so as to obtain a vinyl ester resin containing the phase change material. Thereby, the organic PCM material with high heat absorption and good resin affinity can be used as the temperature control agent of the vinyl ester resin during the curing process for avoiding the defects such as bubbles and cracks being generated in the vinyl ester resin.

Provided is a calcium carbonate that comprises crystals having a particular shape and structure and has a nano-order average particle size. Provided are a method for producing a calcium carbonate that comprises crystals having a particular shape and structure and has an average particle size in a particular range and a crystal growth method. The calcium carbonate has the calcite structure, has a BET specific surface area of 2 to 50 m.sup.2/g, has a number-based average particle size of 30 nm to 1.0 m as determined by electron microscopy, and partially comprises substantially ring-like particles.

Provided is a calcium carbonate that comprises crystals having a particular shape and structure and has a nano-order average particle size. Provided are a method for producing a calcium carbonate that comprises crystals having a particular shape and structure and has an average particle size in a particular range and a crystal growth method. The calcium carbonate has the calcite structure, has a BET specific surface area of 2 to 50 m.sup.2/g, has a number-based average particle size of 30 nm to 1.0 m as determined by electron microscopy, and partially comprises substantially ring-like particles.

A rubber composition is based on at least a diene elastomer; 50 to 160 phr (parts by weight per hundred parts by weight of elastomer) of inorganic reinforcing filler; a vulcanization system; a plasticizing system comprising at least one hydrocarbon resin with a glass transition temperature (Tg) of between 40 C. and 20 C.; as coupling agent, a hydroxysilane polysulfide corresponding to the general formula (I): (HO).sub.aR.sub.(3-a)SiRS.sub.xRSiR.sub.(3-b) (OH).sub.b (I), in which the R radicals, which are identical or different, are hydrocarbon groups preferably comprising from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, the R radicals, which are identical or different, are divalent connecting groups preferably comprising from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, a and b, which are identical or different, are equal to 1 or 2, x is a number greater than or equal to 2; and a primary amine of formula (IV): RNH.sub.2(IV), in which R represents a linear or branched hydrocarbon group comprising from 8 to 24 carbon atoms. The composition is devoid of or comprises less than 0.5 phr of guanidine derivative.

A rubber composition is based on at least a diene elastomer; 50 to 160 phr (parts by weight per hundred parts by weight of elastomer) of inorganic reinforcing filler; a vulcanization system; a plasticizing system comprising at least one hydrocarbon resin with a glass transition temperature (Tg) of between 40 C. and 20 C.; as coupling agent, a hydroxysilane polysulfide corresponding to the general formula (I): (HO).sub.aR.sub.(3-a)SiRS.sub.xRSiR.sub.(3-b) (OH).sub.b (I), in which the R radicals, which are identical or different, are hydrocarbon groups preferably comprising from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, the R radicals, which are identical or different, are divalent connecting groups preferably comprising from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, a and b, which are identical or different, are equal to 1 or 2, x is a number greater than or equal to 2; and a primary amine of formula (IV): RNH.sub.2(IV), in which R represents a linear or branched hydrocarbon group comprising from 8 to 24 carbon atoms. The composition is devoid of or comprises less than 0.5 phr of guanidine derivative.

A coating composition that includes: (a) core-shell particles having a polymeric core at least partially encapsulated by a polymeric shell; (b) an ethylenically unsaturated rubber polymer; and (c) an adhesion promoter including at least one polymer that is different from (a) and (b). The polymeric shell of (a) includes: (i) a barrier segment having aromatic groups; and urethane linkages, urea linkages, or a combination thereof; and (ii) an elastomeric segment that is different from (i), in which the polymeric shell is covalently bonded to at least a portion of the polymeric core. Further, the ethylenically unsaturated rubber polymer is: (i) a polymeric particle dispersed in an aqueous medium that is different from (a); or (ii) covalently bonded to the shell of the core-shell particles of (a) and forms at least a portion of the polymeric core.

Embodiments described herein relate generally to systems and methods for manufacturing a master batch with a graphitic material dispersed in a polymer matrix. In some embodiments, a method for manufacturing the master batch can include combining the graphitic material with a polymer, adding a supercritical fluid to the mixture, and depressurizing the supercritical fluid to remove the supercritical fluid. In some embodiments, the method includes mixing the graphitic material and the polymer for a first time period to form a first mixture and transferring the supercritical fluid to the first mixture to form a second mixture. In some embodiments, the method includes mixing the second mixture for a second time period and depressurizing the second mixture to allow the supercritical fluid to transition to a gas phase.