The present invention provides a method of manufacturing leather, which not only significantly suppresses the occurrence of adhesive wrinkling and boarding/alighting wrinkling when used for an automobile seat, for example, but also exhibits appropriate flexibility.

The present invention is a method of manufacturing leather including a pretreatment step, a tanning step, a retanning step, and a drying and finishing step in this order, the retanning process including, in the following order, subjecting a shaving leather obtained from the tanning process to a stage of performing treatment using a predetermined retanning agent and a predetermined resin, a stage of performing treatment using a predetermined retanning agent, a predetermined resin, and a predetermined fatliquoring agent, and a stage of performing treatment using a predetermined resin and a predetermined fatliquoring agent, and the drying in the drying and finishing process including, in the following order, subjecting a leather obtained from the retanning process to a stage of drying under reduced pressure under predetermined conditions and a step of drying at atmospheric pressure under predetermined conditions.

A composition for film formation containing a polycyclic polyphenolic resin having repeating units derived from at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of aromatic hydroxy compounds represented by the following formulae (1A) and (1B), wherein the repeating units are linked to each other by a direct bond between aromatic rings.

##STR00001##

(In the formula (1A), X represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a single bond, or non-crosslinked state and Y represents a 2n-valent group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, or a single bond, wherein when X is non-crosslinked state, Y represents the 2n-valent group; in the formula (1B), A represents a benzene ring or a fused ring; in the formulas (1A) and (1B), each R.sup.0 is independently an alkyl group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms and optionally having a substituent, an aryl group having 6 to 40 carbon atoms and optionally having a substituent, an alkenyl group having 2 to 40 carbon atoms and optionally having a substituent, an alkynyl group having 2 to 40 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms and optionally having a substituent, a halogen atom, a thiol group, or a hydroxy group, wherein at least one R.sup.0 is a hydroxy group, and each m is independently an integer of 1 to 9; and N is an integer of 1 to 4, and each p is independently an integer of 0 to 3.)

PDC resins are mixed with various sources of carbon to form electrodes through pyrolysis of the mixture of PDC resins and coal dust derived materials with or without other sources of carbon, substrates and the like. For example, a PDC resin-coal dust mixture produces a material for use as an anode in lithium ion batteries and supercapacitors when pyrolyzed to form a porous, electrically conductive ceramic composite.

PDC resins are mixed with various sources of carbon to form electrodes through pyrolysis of the mixture of PDC resins and coal dust derived materials with or without other sources of carbon, substrates and the like. For example, a PDC resin-coal dust mixture produces a material for use as an anode in lithium ion batteries and supercapacitors when pyrolyzed to form a porous, electrically conductive ceramic composite.

The formaldehyde-free binder for materials containing cellulose contains a hydroxy aldehyde resin polycondensed with an ammonium salt, the resin being obtained, in especially preferred embodiments, from glycerin, in situ, with the aid of hydrogen peroxide. A protein component consisting of animal blood is added. The binder is urea-free and can be used as a one-component or two-component binder. It binds materials such as wood, paper and other natural fibres to form high-quality composite material products.

The formaldehyde-free binder for materials containing cellulose contains a hydroxy aldehyde resin polycondensed with an ammonium salt, the resin being obtained, in especially preferred embodiments, from glycerin, in situ, with the aid of hydrogen peroxide. A protein component consisting of animal blood is added. The binder is urea-free and can be used as a one-component or two-component binder. It binds materials such as wood, paper and other natural fibres to form high-quality composite material products.

Described herein is a topcoat paint composition having an acrylic resin (A) and a melamine resin (B). The acrylic resin (A), relative to 100 parts by mass thereof, contains 30-40 parts by mass of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 10-30 parts by mass of styrene and 25 parts by mass or more of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and does not contain, relative to 100 parts by mass of the acrylic resin (A), more than 5 parts by mass of caprolactone compound(s) and/or hydroxy group-containing (meth)acrylates constituted of 7 or more carbons. The content of acrylic resin (A), relative to 100 parts by mass of total resin solids of the topcoat paint composition, is 45 parts by mass or more. The content of melamine resin (B), which does not contain complete alkyl ether type melamine resin, relative to the acrylic resin (A), as resin solids ratio, is acrylic resin (A)/melamine resin (B)=50/50 to 80/20.

Described herein is a topcoat paint composition having an acrylic resin (A) and a melamine resin (B). The acrylic resin (A), relative to 100 parts by mass thereof, contains 30-40 parts by mass of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 10-30 parts by mass of styrene and 25 parts by mass or more of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and does not contain, relative to 100 parts by mass of the acrylic resin (A), more than 5 parts by mass of caprolactone compound(s) and/or hydroxy group-containing (meth)acrylates constituted of 7 or more carbons. The content of acrylic resin (A), relative to 100 parts by mass of total resin solids of the topcoat paint composition, is 45 parts by mass or more. The content of melamine resin (B), which does not contain complete alkyl ether type melamine resin, relative to the acrylic resin (A), as resin solids ratio, is acrylic resin (A)/melamine resin (B)=50/50 to 80/20.

An admixture for a hydraulic composition includes a polycondensation product P containing a copolymer prepared by polycondensation of a monomer mixture containing compounds A to C of the following Formulae (A) to (C); and a polycarboxylic acid-based polymer Q including a structural unit having an amino and an imino group, and/or a structural unit having an amino, imino, and amido group: ##STR00001## (wherein R.sub.1 is a hydrogen atom, alkyl, or alkenyl group; A.sub.1O is a C.sub.2-4 alkylene oxide group; p is a number of 1 to 300; and X is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl, or acyl group; R.sub.2 is an alkyl or alkenyl group; A.sub.2O is a C.sub.2-4 alkylene oxide group; q is a number of 1 to 300; and Y.sub.1 is a phosphate ester group; and R.sub.3 is a hydrogen atom, carboxy, alkyl, alkenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, or heterocyclic group; and r is a number of 1 to 100).

A pneumatic tire includes a belt layer and a carcass layer. A rubber composition for belts, constituting the belt layer, contains, per 100 parts by mass of a diene rubber containing a natural rubber, from 0.3 to 1.5 parts by mass of cobalt borate neodecanoate and from 4.5 to 7.0 parts by mass of sulfur. The dynamic storage modulus at 20° C. of the rubber composition for belts is from 13 to 18 MPa, and a ratio of a 100% tensile stress of the rubber composition for belts to a 100% tensile stress of a rubber composition for carcasses, constituting the carcass layer is from 1.5 to 2.5.