The present invention relates an electro-active polymeric ionic liquid including imidazolium-based molecules, said imidazolium-based molecule comprising each at least: one imidazolium moiety associated with a negatively-charged counter-ion, and one reducible group selected from: Formula (IV), an anthraquinone derivative of formula (IV): with R.sub.1 representing a hydrogen atom or a C.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkyl group, a viologen group, and a metallocene reducible group such as a cobaltocene group.

The present invention is a polymer for forming a metal-containing film including a repeating unit represented by the following general formula (1A), where W.sub.1 represents a divalent organic group having 1 to 31 carbon atoms; and each Q represents a group selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, an aliphatic unsaturated organic group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms and having one or more double bonds or triple bonds, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and an aralkyl group having 7 to 31 carbon atoms. This provides: a polymer for forming a metal-containing film having excellent dry etching resistance and also having high filling and planarizing properties; a composition for forming a metal-containing film containing the polymer; and a patterning process in which the composition is used.

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A flame retardant composition includes a polymers that is the reaction product of a mixture of a chalcogenide halide and one or more organic compounds comprising an unsaturated carbon-carbon bond under reaction conditions sufficient to produce the polymer, wherein the chalcogenide halide comprises a sulfur monohalide, a sulfur dihalide, a selenium monohalide, a selenium dihalide, a selenium tetrahalide, or a combination of any two or more thereof.

A flame retardant composition includes a polymers that is the reaction product of a mixture of a chalcogenide halide and one or more organic compounds comprising an unsaturated carbon-carbon bond under reaction conditions sufficient to produce the polymer, wherein the chalcogenide halide comprises a sulfur monohalide, a sulfur dihalide, a selenium monohalide, a selenium dihalide, a selenium tetrahalide, or a combination of any two or more thereof.

A titanium oxide aerogel particle has absorption at wavelengths of 450 nm and 750 nm in a visible absorption spectrum, a surface to which a metal compound containing a metal atom and a hydrocarbon group is bonded via an oxygen atom, a BET specific surface area in a range of 120 m.sup.2/g to 1,000 m.sup.2/g, and a value A is in the range of 0.03 to 0.3. The value A is calculated by formula: A={(peak intensity of CO bond+peak intensity of CO bond)/(peak intensity of CC bond+peak intensity of CC bond)}. In the formula, the peak intensity is a value determined from a C 1s XPS spectrum.

A titanium oxide aerogel particle has absorption at wavelengths of 450 nm and 750 nm in a visible absorption spectrum, a surface to which a metal compound containing a metal atom and a hydrocarbon group is bonded via an oxygen atom, a BET specific surface area in a range of 120 m.sup.2/g to 1,000 m.sup.2/g, and a value A is in the range of 0.03 to 0.3. The value A is calculated by formula: A={(peak intensity of CO bond+peak intensity of CO bond)/(peak intensity of CC bond+peak intensity of CC bond)}. In the formula, the peak intensity is a value determined from a C 1s XPS spectrum.

Provided is a gel that has excellent surface hydrophilicity, lubricity and antifouling property, and that is useful as, for example, a contact lens material.

A gel including: a polymer a having 2.5 to 95 mass % of the following repeat unit (A), and 2.5 to 95 mass % of the following repeat unit (B), and a polymer b obtained through polymerization of a hydrophilic monomer with a crosslinking agent. (A) Hydrophilic repeat unit (B) Repeat unit having a polyoxyalkylene group at a side chain thereof, the side chain having a terminal formed of an alkyl group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms, an alkanoyl group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms, or an aryl group

Provided is a gel that has excellent surface hydrophilicity, lubricity and antifouling property, and that is useful as, for example, a contact lens material.

A gel including: a polymer a having 2.5 to 95 mass % of the following repeat unit (A), and 2.5 to 95 mass % of the following repeat unit (B), and a polymer b obtained through polymerization of a hydrophilic monomer with a crosslinking agent. (A) Hydrophilic repeat unit (B) Repeat unit having a polyoxyalkylene group at a side chain thereof, the side chain having a terminal formed of an alkyl group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms, an alkanoyl group having 5 to 30 carbon atoms, or an aryl group

Disclosed is a polymetalloxane including a constituent unit represented by the following general formula (1), which stably exists in a transparent and uniform state in a solution and can form a homogeneous cured film:

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wherein R.sup.1 is an organic group and at least one of R.sup.1 is an (R.sup.3.sub.3SiO) group, R.sup.3 is optionally selected from specific groups, R.sup.2 is optionally selected from specific groups, when plural R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 exist, they may be the same or different, M represents a specific metal atom, m is an integer indicating a valence of a metal atom M, and a is an integer of 1 to (m2).

Anion-coordinating polymers comprising one or more anion-coordinating unit of Formula (I), optionally in combination with one or more cation-coordinating unit of Formula (II) and/or a linking unit of Formula (III) and related electrolytes, batteries, methods and system.