According to the present teachings, methods and compositions are provided that utilize at least one reference dye of formula (I):

##STR00001##

In some embodiments, a method comprises measuring a detection signal of a reporter dye and at least one reference dye of formula (I). In some embodiments, a composition comprises a reference dye of formula (1), a buffer, a selection of nucleotides and a protein.

The present invention is generally directed to the synthesis and use of fluorophores. It is more specifically directed to the synthesis and use of deuterated fluorophores. In one case, the present invention provides a compound of the structure shown in FIG. 44.

An article that includes a fluorescent composition having at least one of a fluorescent sensor compound and organic reporter molecules encapsulated in a microsphere structure. When encapsulated, the fluorescent sensor compound and the organic reporter molecules are distributed in a liquid organic matrix. When non-encapsulated, the remaining one of the fluorescent sensor compound and the organic reporter molecules reside in the matrix. In response to a force applied to the composition sufficient to break at least a portion of the microsphere structure, the fluorescent sensor compound and the organic reporter molecules are transformed into a non-reversible fluorescent state exhibiting a quantum yield greater than 0.2. The fluorescent state is objectively visually verifiable without physically contacting the composition.

According to the present teachings, methods and compositions are provided that utilize at least one reference dye of formula (I): ##STR00001##
In some embodiments, a method comprises measuring a detection signal of a reporter dye and at least one reference dye of formula (I). In some embodiments, a composition comprises a reference dye of formula (1), a buffer, a selection of nucleotides and a protein.

According to the present teachings, methods and compositions are provided that utilize at least one reference dye of formula (I): ##STR00001##
In some embodiments, a method comprises measuring a detection signal of a reporter dye and at least one reference dye of formula (I). In some embodiments, a composition comprises a reference dye of formula (1), a buffer, a selection of nucleotides and a protein.

The present invention relates to organic light emitting elements, comprising thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters and/or hosts of formula

##STR00001##

which have a sufficiently small energy gap between S.sub.1 and T.sub.1 (E.sub.ST) to enable up-conversion of the triplet exciton from T.sub.1 to S.sub.1. The organic light emitting elements show high electroluminescent efficiency.

The present invention relates to organic light emitting elements, comprising thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters and/or hosts of formula

##STR00001##

which have a sufficiently small energy gap between S.sub.1 and T.sub.1 (E.sub.ST) to enable up-conversion of the triplet exciton from T.sub.1 to S.sub.1. The organic light emitting elements show high electroluminescent efficiency.

The present invention relates to compounds of formula (A), wherein Z is NR.sup.10 or O. These compounds represent novel acridinium and xanthylium salts having an unprecedented substituted heterocyclic core. They are useful as fluorescent dyes or precursors thereof in different applications including various imaging and sensing techniques, and, in particular, as photosensitizers and hereby preferably as photocatalysts. The present invention further relates to processes for preparing the inventive compounds via 1,5-organodimetallic reagents from double directed ortho-metalation reactions or combined halogen-metal exchange/directed ortho-metalation reactions.

##STR00001##

The present invention relates to compounds of formula (A), wherein Z is NR.sup.10 or O. These compounds represent novel acridinium and xanthylium salts having an unprecedented substituted heterocyclic core. They are useful as fluorescent dyes or precursors thereof in different applications including various imaging and sensing techniques, and, in particular, as photosensitizers and hereby preferably as photocatalysts. The present invention further relates to processes for preparing the inventive compounds via 1,5-organodimetallic reagents from double directed ortho-metalation reactions or combined halogen-metal exchange/directed ortho-metalation reactions.

##STR00001##

An article that includes a fluorescent composition having at least one of a fluorescent sensor compound and organic reporter molecules encapsulated in a microsphere structure. When encapsulated, the fluorescent sensor compound and the organic reporter molecules are distributed in a liquid organic matrix. When non-encapsulated, the remaining one of the fluorescent sensor compound and the organic reporter molecules reside in the matrix. In response to a force applied to the composition sufficient to break at least a portion of the microsphere structure, the fluorescent sensor compound and the organic reporter molecules are transformed into a non-reversible fluorescent state exhibiting a quantum yield greater than 0.2. The fluorescent state is objectively visually verifiable without physically contacting the composition.