The present disclosure provides methods for forming sol-gels, sol-gel films and substrates, such as vehicle components, having a sol-gel film disposed thereon. At least one method of forming a sol-gel includes mixing a metal alkoxide, an acid stabilizer, and an organic solvent to form a first mixture having about 10 wt % or less water content based on the total weight of the first mixture. The method includes mixing an organosilane with the first mixture to form a second mixture having about 10 wt % or less water content based on the total weight of the second mixture.

The present disclosure provides methods for forming sol-gels, sol-gel films and substrates, such as vehicle components, having a sol-gel film disposed thereon. At least one method of forming a sol-gel includes mixing a metal alkoxide, an acid stabilizer, and an organic solvent to form a first mixture having about 10 wt % or less water content based on the total weight of the first mixture. The method includes mixing an organosilane with the first mixture to form a second mixture having about 10 wt % or less water content based on the total weight of the second mixture.

Provided is ITO particles satisfying a relationship expressed in Expression (1) given below. 16×S/P.sup.2≤0.330 . . . (1) (In the expression, S indicates a particle area in a TEM photographed image, and P indicates a perimeter of the particle).

Provided is ITO particles satisfying a relationship expressed in Expression (1) given below. 16×S/P.sup.2≤0.330 . . . (1) (In the expression, S indicates a particle area in a TEM photographed image, and P indicates a perimeter of the particle).

A coating composition and a method of making a coating composition is provided. The coating composition includes: a) a binder system comprising a mixture of a caramelized carbohydrate component, an inorganic colloidal binder, and an adjuvant; and b) a protective agent. The coating composition is useful for protecting articles from corrosion and/or erosion caused by contact with molten metal.

A coating composition and a method of making a coating composition is provided. The coating composition includes: a) a binder system comprising a mixture of a caramelized carbohydrate component, an inorganic colloidal binder, and an adjuvant; and b) a protective agent. The coating composition is useful for protecting articles from corrosion and/or erosion caused by contact with molten metal.

Provided is a hard coating film in which a hard coating layer having a water contact angle of 90° or less, a high refractive index layer, and a low refractive index layer are laminated on a substrate, the film having suppressed curling, and excellent hardness and antireflection performance.

Provided is a hard coating film in which a hard coating layer having a water contact angle of 90° or less, a high refractive index layer, and a low refractive index layer are laminated on a substrate, the film having suppressed curling, and excellent hardness and antireflection performance.

Provided is a hard coating film in which a hard coating layer having a water contact angle of 90° or less, a high refractive index layer, and a low refractive index layer are laminated on a substrate, the film having suppressed curling, and excellent hardness and antireflection performance.

Provided is a hard coating film in which a hard coating layer having a water contact angle of 90° or less, a conductive layer, and a low refractive index layer are laminated on a substrate, the film having excellent hardness, anti-curling property, antireflection performance, antifouling performance, and antistatic performance.