A thermosetting powder coating composition C (PCC C) includes a physical mixture of a thermosetting powder coating composition A (PCC A) with a separate, distinct thermosetting powder coating composition B (PCC B). Also provided are processes for making the thermosetting powder coating composition C and for coating an article with the thermosetting powder coating composition C. A cured thermosetting powder coating composition C (c-PCC C) is also provided so as to obtain articles having coated and cured thereon the thermosetting powder coating composition C. Heat-curing can occur at low temperatures. The cured c-PCC C is a powder coating having at least one desirable property such as excellent resistance to swelling, good smoothness, good chemical resistance, low gloss, and/or low yellowness.

A thermosetting powder coating composition C (PCC C) includes a physical mixture of a thermosetting powder coating composition A (PCC A) with a separate, distinct thermosetting powder coating composition B (PCC B). Also provided are processes for making the thermosetting powder coating composition C and for coating an article with the thermosetting powder coating composition C. A cured thermosetting powder coating composition C (c-PCC C) is also provided so as to obtain articles having coated and cured thereon the thermosetting powder coating composition C. Heat-curing can occur at low temperatures. The cured c-PCC C is a powder coating having at least one desirable property such as excellent resistance to swelling, good smoothness, good chemical resistance, low gloss, and/or low yellowness.

Disclosed are stable penetration primer or wood stain formulations. The formulation may comprise a) an aqueous polymer dispersion comprising a polymer produced by free-radically initiated emulsion polymerization of at least one ethylenically unsaturated strong acid monomer with a pKa less than 4 (in water at 20° C.) and at least one ethylenically unsaturated weak acid monomer with a pKa of 4 or greater (in water at 20° C.); and b) at least one water-soluble alkali metal silicate, at least one water-soluble alkali metal or alkaline earth metal alkyl siliconate, or a mixture thereof.

Disclosed are stable penetration primer or wood stain formulations. The formulation may comprise a) an aqueous polymer dispersion comprising a polymer produced by free-radically initiated emulsion polymerization of at least one ethylenically unsaturated strong acid monomer with a pKa less than 4 (in water at 20° C.) and at least one ethylenically unsaturated weak acid monomer with a pKa of 4 or greater (in water at 20° C.); and b) at least one water-soluble alkali metal silicate, at least one water-soluble alkali metal or alkaline earth metal alkyl siliconate, or a mixture thereof.

A wetting agent according to Formula (I): ##STR00001## wherein R.sup.1 is selected from a branched alkyl group or linear alkyl group or a cycloaliphatic group or an aromatic group, each having 6 to 15 carbon atoms; R.sup.2 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl; R.sup.3 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl; R.sup.4 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl; R.sup.5 is selected from methyl or ethyl; x ranges from 0 to 5; y ranges from 0 to 10; z ranges from 1 to 10; with the proviso that when x ranges from 1 to 5, R.sup.2 is different from R.sup.3; and with the proviso that when x=0, R.sup.3 is different from R.sup.4. The wetting agent also imparts anti-foam properties to aqueous solutions while reducing surface tension.

A wetting agent according to Formula (I): ##STR00001## wherein R.sup.1 is selected from a branched alkyl group or linear alkyl group or a cycloaliphatic group or an aromatic group, each having 6 to 15 carbon atoms; R.sup.2 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl; R.sup.3 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl; R.sup.4 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl; R.sup.5 is selected from methyl or ethyl; x ranges from 0 to 5; y ranges from 0 to 10; z ranges from 1 to 10; with the proviso that when x ranges from 1 to 5, R.sup.2 is different from R.sup.3; and with the proviso that when x=0, R.sup.3 is different from R.sup.4. The wetting agent also imparts anti-foam properties to aqueous solutions while reducing surface tension.

A defoaming composition is composed of a composition E composed of a hydrogen bond donor polyether modified polysiloxane C and a hydrogen bond acceptor X, and a composition F composed of a hydrogen bond donor fatty alcohol polyether D and a hydrogen bond acceptor Y; and the polyether modified polysiloxane C is composed of a polyorganosiloxane A and an allyl polyether B. The general structural formula of the polyorganosiloxane A is R.sup.0.sub.2HSiO (Me.sub.2SiO).sub.aSiHR.sup.0.sub.2, where R.sup.0 is C1-12 alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, and a=10-100. The general structural formula of the allyl polyether B is CH.sub.2═CHCH.sub.2(OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.b(OCH.sub.2CHCH.sub.3).sub.cOH, where b=1-10, and c=10-100. The general structural formula of the fatty alcohol polyether D is R.sup.1(OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.m(OCH.sub.2CHCH.sub.3).sub.nOH, where R.sup.1 is C3-20 linear or branched alkyl, cycloalkyl or aralkyl; m=1-50; and n=10-100. The hydrogen bond acceptors X and Y are menthol, menthene, thymol, terpilenol, carveol or perillyl alcohol.

A defoaming composition is composed of a composition E composed of a hydrogen bond donor polyether modified polysiloxane C and a hydrogen bond acceptor X, and a composition F composed of a hydrogen bond donor fatty alcohol polyether D and a hydrogen bond acceptor Y; and the polyether modified polysiloxane C is composed of a polyorganosiloxane A and an allyl polyether B. The general structural formula of the polyorganosiloxane A is R.sup.0.sub.2HSiO (Me.sub.2SiO).sub.aSiHR.sup.0.sub.2, where R.sup.0 is C1-12 alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, and a=10-100. The general structural formula of the allyl polyether B is CH.sub.2═CHCH.sub.2(OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.b(OCH.sub.2CHCH.sub.3).sub.cOH, where b=1-10, and c=10-100. The general structural formula of the fatty alcohol polyether D is R.sup.1(OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2).sub.m(OCH.sub.2CHCH.sub.3).sub.nOH, where R.sup.1 is C3-20 linear or branched alkyl, cycloalkyl or aralkyl; m=1-50; and n=10-100. The hydrogen bond acceptors X and Y are menthol, menthene, thymol, terpilenol, carveol or perillyl alcohol.

Disclosed is a surface covering including: a wood-based substrate; a surface coating layer, the surface coating layer being obtained by the irradiation of a radiation-curable coating agent with UV light having a wavelength included from 120 nm to 230 nm; and a filler coating layer, the filler coating layer being located between the wood-based substrate and the surface coating layer. Also disclosed is a method for the manufacture of such a surface covering.

An aqueous based coating composition comprising a fatty amine quaternary having the structure of formula (I): R.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.3R.sup.4N.sup.+X.sup.− wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 are independently selected from saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aralkyl, or alkenyl groups comprising from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, whereby at least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 is a C12-C30 group, and X.sup.− is an anion from an inorganic or organic acid, is provided. The fatty amine quaternary may contain ethoxy and/or propoxy groups. One or more of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 may be substituted and contain one or more hydroxyl substituents or ether linkages. Methods for imparting water resistance to a wood substrate having up to 100% moisture by applying a coating composition having the fatty amine quaternary of formula (I), and for preparing an aqueous coating composition comprising the fatty amine quaternary of formula (I) are provided. Also provided is a coated water resistant wood substrate comprising the fatty amine quaternary of formula (I).