Pens comprise a non-aqueous writing ink comprising a solvent, a coloring agent, a resin, a gelling agent, and a homo or copolymer of vinylpyrrolidone and/or a polyvinyl alcohol which is acetalized with an aldehyde comprising between 1 and about 6 carbon atoms, wherein the gelling agent is a mixture of silica particles and of a fatty acid amide wax, wherein the homo or copolymer of vinylpyrrolidone, if present, is present in amounts of between about 0.05 and about 0.6 wt.-%, relative to the total weight of the ink and wherein the polyvinyl alcohol which is acetalized with an aldehyde comprising between 1 and about 6 carbon atoms, if present, is present in amounts of between about 0.05 and about 1.0 wt.-%, relative to the total weight of the ink.

Pens comprise a non-aqueous writing ink comprising a solvent, a coloring agent, a resin, a gelling agent, and a homo or copolymer of vinylpyrrolidone and/or a polyvinyl alcohol which is acetalized with an aldehyde comprising between 1 and about 6 carbon atoms, wherein the gelling agent is a mixture of silica particles and of a fatty acid amide wax, wherein the homo or copolymer of vinylpyrrolidone, if present, is present in amounts of between about 0.05 and about 0.6 wt.-%, relative to the total weight of the ink and wherein the polyvinyl alcohol which is acetalized with an aldehyde comprising between 1 and about 6 carbon atoms, if present, is present in amounts of between about 0.05 and about 1.0 wt.-%, relative to the total weight of the ink.

[Problem] To obtain a substrate cleaning solution capable of cleaning a substrate and removing particles. [Means for Solution] The present invention is a substrate cleaning solution comprising an insoluble or hardly soluble solute (A), a soluble solute (B), and a solvent (C).

[Problem] To obtain a substrate cleaning solution capable of cleaning a substrate and removing particles. [Means for Solution] The present invention is a substrate cleaning solution comprising an insoluble or hardly soluble solute (A), a soluble solute (B), and a solvent (C).

In the coating method, a pipe for transporting oil and/or gas mined from underground is provided. An acid curable resin is passed through the pipe to adhere the acid curable resin to at least a part of an inner wall of the pipe. Then, an acid curing agent is passed through the pipe to allow the acid curing agent to make contact with the acid curable resin such that the acid curable resin is cured.

In the coating method, a pipe for transporting oil and/or gas mined from underground is provided. An acid curable resin is passed through the pipe to adhere the acid curable resin to at least a part of an inner wall of the pipe. Then, an acid curing agent is passed through the pipe to allow the acid curing agent to make contact with the acid curable resin such that the acid curable resin is cured.

A resist underlayer film forming composition for lithography that can be used as a hard mask. The composition can improve pattern resolution due to having a trihalogenoacetamide skeleton. A resist underlayer film forming composition for lithography comprising a hydrolyzable silane, a hydrolysis product thereof, a hydrolysis condensate thereof, or a combination thereof as a silane, wherein the hydrolyzable silane comprises a silane having a halogen-containing carboxylic acid amide group.

Methods of preparing phthalonitrile coating compositions are provided, including phthalonitrile sprays, phthalonitrile pastes, and phthalonitrile composite films. In embodiments, such a method comprises, heating a phthalonitrile precursor composition comprising a bisphthalonitrile compound to a temperature and for a period of time to form a phthalonitrile prepolymer composition comprising a bisphthalonitrile prepolymer; cooling the phthalonitrile prepolymer composition to ambient temperature and pulverizing the phthalonitrile prepolymer composition to form particles; combining the particles with a liquid medium to form a phthalonitrile solution; optionally, adding an additive to the phthalonitrile solution; and mixing the phthalonitrile solution to form a phthalonitrile coating composition.

Methods of preparing phthalonitrile coating compositions are provided, including phthalonitrile sprays, phthalonitrile pastes, and phthalonitrile composite films. In embodiments, such a method comprises, heating a phthalonitrile precursor composition comprising a bisphthalonitrile compound to a temperature and for a period of time to form a phthalonitrile prepolymer composition comprising a bisphthalonitrile prepolymer; cooling the phthalonitrile prepolymer composition to ambient temperature and pulverizing the phthalonitrile prepolymer composition to form particles; combining the particles with a liquid medium to form a phthalonitrile solution; optionally, adding an additive to the phthalonitrile solution; and mixing the phthalonitrile solution to form a phthalonitrile coating composition.

A coated optical article includes: an optical substrate; a first coating layer applied directly over at least a portion of an optical substrate, the first coating layer formed from a first coating composition including an aqueous medium and keto and/or aldo functional polymeric materials that are dispersed in the aqueous medium; and a second coating layer applied directly over at least a portion of the first coating layer, the second coating layer including a sol-gel and which is formed from a second coating composition. The first coating composition and second coating composition are each independently substantially free of hydrazine and hydrazide functional components.