An object is to provide dispersion containing lipid peptide type compound useful as low molecular weight gelator, such as lipid dipeptide and lipid tripeptide, and dissolution accelerator capable of dissolving the lipid peptide type compound at lower temperature and more easily. It is also an object to provide dispersion that can form hydrogel by simpler method and under milder condition (low temperature) and from which gel can be obtained as gel having high thermal stability, and provide method for forming the gel. Dispersion including: a lipid peptide type compound in which peptide portion formed by repetition of at least two or more identical or different amino acids is bonded to lipid portion including C.sub.10-24 aliphatic group; dissolution accelerator having, in molecules thereof, hydrophilic portion and hydrophobic portion, the hydrophilic portion having betaine structure; and water; and method for producing hydrogel by use of the dispersion.

There is provided new transparent near infrared absorptive fine particles having a wide range of near infrared absorption, which are an assembly of hexaboride fine particles, wherein when a particle shape of the number of particles contained in the assembly is approximately regarded as a spheroid body, there are 20% or more and less than 80% of particles having an aspect ratio [(long axis length)/(short axis length)] of 1.5 or more and less than 5.0, and there are 20% or more and less than 80% of particles having an aspect ratio of 5.0 or more and less than 20.0.

To provide an antifogging agent composition having excellent sustainability of antifogging performance.

An anti fogging agent composition includes a copolymer (A), a polyfunctional blocked isocyanate compound (B), and a surfactant (C). The copolymer (A) is formed of 35 to 90 parts by weight of the monomer (A-1), 5 to 60 parts by weight of the monomer (A-2), and 5 to 30 parts by weight of the monomer (A-3) per 100 parts by weight of the copolymer (A). An NCO/OH ratio obtained by dividing an isocyanate group content (NCO) of the polyfunctional blocked isocyanate compound (B) by a hydroxyl group content (OH) of the copolymer (A) is within a range from 0.1 to 1.5. The surfactant (C) includes 1.00 to 10.0 parts by weight of the anionic surfactant (C-1) and 0.01 to 3.00 parts by weight of the cationic surfactant (C-2) per 100 parts by weight of the copolymer (A).

A hydrofluoroether compound is represented by the following general formula (1): wherein n is 1-2.

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A hydrofluoroether compound is represented by the following general formula (1): wherein n is 1-2.

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The present invention provides a composition containing component (A): a compound represented by the formula (1)

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wherein each symbol is as described in the DESCRIPTION, or a salt thereof, and component (B): at least one kind of surfactant selected from the group consisting of an anionic surfactant having a carboxyl group, an amphoteric surfactant and a nonionic surfactant, which is superior in foamability and foam volume and affording improved rinsing performance and smooth feeling after drying.

A nonflammable solvent composition, a method of cleaning an article, and a method of depositing a material on a substrate are disclosed. The nonflammable solvent composition includes a fluorocyclopentane in which 3 to 9 hydrogen atoms have each been replaced by a fluorine atom; trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (t-DCE); and at least one organic compound, such as a C.sub.2-C.sub.6 alcohol, a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkane, and a C.sub.3-C.sub.6 cycloalkane. Amounts of the fluorocyclopentane, t-DCE, and the organic compound in the nonflammable composition are selected so that the composition is an azeotrope or is azeotrope-like. The method of cleaning an article includes contacting the article with the nonflammable composition via vapor degreasing or wet cleaning. The method of depositing a material on a substrate includes dissolving the material in the nonflammable solvent composition, applying the composition containing the material to the substrate, and evaporating the composition from the substrate.

A nonflammable solvent composition, a method of cleaning an article, and a method of depositing a material on a substrate are disclosed. The nonflammable solvent composition includes a fluorocyclopentane in which 3 to 9 hydrogen atoms have each been replaced by a fluorine atom; trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (t-DCE); and at least one organic compound, such as a C.sub.2-C.sub.6 alcohol, a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkane, and a C.sub.3-C.sub.6 cycloalkane. Amounts of the fluorocyclopentane, t-DCE, and the organic compound in the nonflammable composition are selected so that the composition is an azeotrope or is azeotrope-like. The method of cleaning an article includes contacting the article with the nonflammable composition via vapor degreasing or wet cleaning. The method of depositing a material on a substrate includes dissolving the material in the nonflammable solvent composition, applying the composition containing the material to the substrate, and evaporating the composition from the substrate.

A method including: (a) contacting lime with an extract including a S1 solvent carrying a contaminant load to form a lime treated extract; and (b) reducing the contaminant load by removing solids. Optionally, the method includes washing the lime treated extract with water. Optionally, a pH of the lime treated extract is at least 6.5.

A method including: (a) contacting lime with an extract including a S1 solvent carrying a contaminant load to form a lime treated extract; and (b) reducing the contaminant load by removing solids. Optionally, the method includes washing the lime treated extract with water. Optionally, a pH of the lime treated extract is at least 6.5.