A particle comprises an inner part and an outer coating. The inner part comprises CaO and the outer coating comprises hydrophobic nanoparticles of a size less than 1 μm. The particle has an average size of from 1 to 1000 μm. A device adapted to perform an absorption process comprises at least one such particle. A method for manufacturing such a particle comprises mixing CaO with hydrophobic nanoparticles, and mixing with sufficient energy to obtain particles comprising CaO coated with the hydrophobic nanoparticles.

A particle comprises an inner part and an outer coating. The inner part comprises CaO and the outer coating comprises hydrophobic nanoparticles of a size less than 1 μm. The particle has an average size of from 1 to 1000 μm. A device adapted to perform an absorption process comprises at least one such particle. A method for manufacturing such a particle comprises mixing CaO with hydrophobic nanoparticles, and mixing with sufficient energy to obtain particles comprising CaO coated with the hydrophobic nanoparticles.

This invention relates to using a eutectic mixture of two ionic liquids, as an absorbent material in an absorption chiller. The invention provides an absorption chiller comprising a mixture of a refrigerant and an absorbent, and the absorbent is a eutectic mixture of two ionic liquids.

Provided is a one-pack type ultraviolet-thickable thermally conductive silicone grease composition which, at the initial stage, has a low viscosity (is easy to apply) but has high shape retentivity and which, after curing, is pliable (has low hardness). The ultraviolet-thickable thermally conductive silicone grease composition comprises, as essential components, (A) an organopolysiloxane having a viscosity at 25° C. of 50-100,000 mPa.Math.s and containing at least one alkenyl group in the molecule, (B) a liquid organohydrogenpolysiloxane which has a viscosity at 25° C. of 100 mPa.Math.s or less, contains 2-10 silicon-atom-bonded hydrogen atoms in the molecule and contains at least one alkoxy and/or epoxy group bonded to a silicon atom through an alkylene group and in which the polysiloxane has a degree of polymerization of 15 or less and the skeleton of the polysiloxane includes a cyclic structure, (C) a photoactivable platinum complex curing catalyst, and (D) a thermally conductive filler having a thermal conductivity of 10 W/m.Math.° C. or greater.

The freezing point of a liquid in a chilled liquid containment system is decreased by the addition of a mixture of sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate. Solutions of nitrite/nitrate in a ratio of 1.0:1 to 3.0:1 at a concentration of at least 25% lowers the freezing point of water to as low as −33° C. or lower, permitting water to remain liquid well below its ambient freezing point and preventing pipes containing the nitrite/nitrate solution from bursting when exposed to subzero temperatures. This allows liquids to remain liquid at much lower temperatures than normal, allowing the circulation of the liquids at lower temperatures and protecting their containment systems from the damage that could occur when the liquids freeze into their solid state while within the containment systems.

A method for preparing a composition with low corrosive effect and low freezing point, in which an ammonium cation source is mixed with a carboxyl anion source in an appropriate molar or weight ratio, either without a medium or by using an appropriate medium for obtaining liquid or water-soluble organic ammonium carboxylate of formula (1): [NR.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.3R.sup.4].sup.+.sub.n [R.sup.5(COO).sub.n].sup.−n, in which R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are selected from hydrogen, substituted and unsubstituted 1-6 carbon alkyl, R.sup.4 is a substituted or unsubstituted 1-6 carbon alkyl, R.sup.5 is hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted 1-6 carbon hydrocarbon and n is an integral 1-6, and, thereafter, a possible solvent is added while keeping the alkali or alkali-earth metal content of the composition in a range of 0.001-30 wt-%.

A method for preparing a composition with low corrosive effect and low freezing point, in which an ammonium cation source is mixed with a carboxyl anion source in an appropriate molar or weight ratio, either without a medium or by using an appropriate medium for obtaining liquid or water-soluble organic ammonium carboxylate of formula (1): [NR.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.3R.sup.4].sup.+.sub.n [R.sup.5(COO).sub.n].sup.−n, in which R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are selected from hydrogen, substituted and unsubstituted 1-6 carbon alkyl, R.sup.4 is a substituted or unsubstituted 1-6 carbon alkyl, R.sup.5 is hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted 1-6 carbon hydrocarbon and n is an integral 1-6, and, thereafter, a possible solvent is added while keeping the alkali or alkali-earth metal content of the composition in a range of 0.001-30 wt-%.

Articles containing a matrix material and plurality of copper nanoparticles in the matrix material that have been at least partially fused together are described. The copper nanoparticles are less than about 20 nm in size. Copper nanoparticles of this size become fused together at temperatures and pressures that are much lower than that of bulk copper. In general, the fusion temperatures decrease with increasing applied pressure and lowering of the size of the copper nanoparticles. The size of the copper nanoparticles can be varied by adjusting reaction conditions including, for example, surfactant systems, addition rates, and temperatures. Copper nanoparticles that have been at least partially fused together can form a thermally conductive percolation pathway in the matrix material.

Articles containing a matrix material and plurality of copper nanoparticles in the matrix material that have been at least partially fused together are described. The copper nanoparticles are less than about 20 nm in size. Copper nanoparticles of this size become fused together at temperatures and pressures that are much lower than that of bulk copper. In general, the fusion temperatures decrease with increasing applied pressure and lowering of the size of the copper nanoparticles. The size of the copper nanoparticles can be varied by adjusting reaction conditions including, for example, surfactant systems, addition rates, and temperatures. Copper nanoparticles that have been at least partially fused together can form a thermally conductive percolation pathway in the matrix material.

Disclosed herein is a method for producing cooling comprising evaporating a liquid refrigerant comprising (a) E-CF.sub.3CH═CHF and (b) at least one tetrafluoroethane of the formula C.sub.2H.sub.2F.sub.4; provided that the weight ratio of E-CF.sub.3CH═CHF to the total amount of E-CF.sub.3CH═CHF and C.sub.2H.sub.2F.sub.4 is from about 0.05 to 0.99, in an evaporator, thereby producing a refrigerant vapor. Also disclosed herein is a method for replacing HCFC-124 or HFC-134a refrigerant in a chiller designed for said refrigerant comprising providing a replacement refrigerant composition comprising (a) E-CF.sub.3CH═CHF and (b) at least one tetrafluoroethane of the formula C.sub.2H.sub.2F.sub.4; provided that the weight ratio of E-CF.sub.3CH═CHF to the total amount of E-CF.sub.3CH═CHF and C.sub.2H.sub.2F.sub.4 is from about 0.05 to 0.99. Also disclosed herein is a chiller apparatus for cooling, said apparatus containing a working fluid comprising a refrigerant comprising (a) E-CF.sub.3CH═CHF and (b) at least one tetrafluoroethane of the formula C.sub.2H.sub.2F.sub.4; provided that the weight ratio of E-CF.sub.3CH═CHF to the total amount of E-CF.sub.3CH═CHF and C.sub.2H.sub.2F.sub.4 is from about 0.05 to 0.99.