A scintillator comprises a sintered body having a volume of 1 mm.sup.3 or less. The sintered body includes a crystal region of a rare earth oxysulfide. The number of polycrystal bodies each having a different composition from that of the crystal region is 200 or less per a unit area of 100 m100 m of a cross section of the sintered body.

Provided are a perovskite optoelectronic device containing an exciton buffer layer, and a method for manufacturing the same. The optoelectronic device of the present invention comprises: an exciton buffer layer in which a first electrode, a conductive layer disposed on the first electrode and comprising a conductive material, and a surface buffer layer containing fluorine-based material having lower surface energy than the conductive material are sequentially deposited; a photoactive layer disposed on the exciton buffer layer and containing a perovskite photoactive layer; and a second electrode disposed on the photoactive layer. Accordingly, a perovskite is formed with a combined FCC and BSS crystal structure in a nanoparticle photoactive layer. The present invention can also form a lamellar or layered structure in which an organic plane and an inorganic plane are alternatively deposited; and an exciton can be bound by the inorganic plane, thereby being capable of expressing high color purity.

Provided are a perovskite optoelectronic device containing an exciton buffer layer, and a method for manufacturing the same. The optoelectronic device of the present invention comprises: an exciton buffer layer in which a first electrode, a conductive layer disposed on the first electrode and comprising a conductive material, and a surface buffer layer containing fluorine-based material having lower surface energy than the conductive material are sequentially deposited; a photoactive layer disposed on the exciton buffer layer and containing a perovskite photoactive layer; and a second electrode disposed on the photoactive layer. Accordingly, a perovskite is formed with a combined FCC and BSS crystal structure in a nanoparticle photoactive layer. The present invention can also form a lamellar or layered structure in which an organic plane and an inorganic plane are alternatively deposited; and an exciton can be bound by the inorganic plane, thereby being capable of expressing high color purity.

[Problem]

The object of the present invention is to provide a static electricity distribution-visualizing material, a static electricity-visualizing film, a static electricity distribution-visualizing device, and a static electricity distribution-visualizing method, which can visualize a charged state to be seen with naked eyes so as to intuitively understand a static electricity distribution.

[Solution]

A static electricity distribution-visualizing material is manufactured so as to contain at least one of a fluorescent substance, a luminescent substance, an electroluminescent substance, a fractoluminescent substance, a photochromic substance, an afterglow substance, a photostimulated luminescent substance and a mechanoluminescent substance.

A conjugated polymer comprises repeating units as represented by formula (I),

AB.sub.p (I)

p is the number of the repeating units, and p is an integer more than or equal to 1; and A has a structure as represented by formula (II), and B has a structure as represented by formula (II) or formula (III).

##STR00001##

The described conjugated polymer has a higher triplet energy level and a higher charge transfer property.

A method of applying a trivalent chromium or chromium-free conversion coating to a metallic substrate including mixing a dye compound that interacts with electromagnetic radiation outside the human visual spectrum but not electromagnetic radiation that is within the human visual spectrum to produce an observable emission into the trivalent chromium or chromium-free conversion coating mixture to allow for inspection of the coating after applied with a correlating electromagnetic radiation source.

To provide a wavelength converting member that allows for improved yield, in which air bubbles can be prevented from being left in a resin containing a wavelength converting material; a light emitting device, a light emitting element, a light source unit, a display device, and a light guide member using the wavelength converting member; and a method of producing the wavelength converting member. A wavelength converting member has a receptacle provided with a receiving space; and a molding containing a wavelength converting material, placed in the receiving space. This allows air bubbles from being left in the wavelength converting material and improves the yield.

To provide a wavelength converting member that allows for improved yield, in which air bubbles can be prevented from being left in a resin containing a wavelength converting material; a light emitting device, a light emitting element, a light source unit, a display device, and a light guide member using the wavelength converting member; and a method of producing the wavelength converting member. A wavelength converting member has a receptacle provided with a receiving space; and a molding containing a wavelength converting material, placed in the receiving space. This allows air bubbles from being left in the wavelength converting material and improves the yield.

A scintillator plate provided with a scintillator having, on a substrate, a first surface facing the substrate and a second surface on an opposite side to the first surface is provided. The scintillator includes needle-like crystals each containing an alkali metal halide compound, thallium iodide, and copper and/or silver as an additive element. The additive element is contained in the second surface at a concentration of not less than 0.04 mol % and not more than 0.5 mol %, and has a higher concentration in the first surface than in the second surface. A thickness of a largest portion of each of the needle-like crystals becomes not less than one time and not more than nine times a thickness at a height of 10 m in a direction from the first surface to the second surface.

The present invention identifies decay and other events included in the emission of an LaBr.sub.3 scintillator and only collects ray events. An LaBr.sub.3 scintillation detector is provided with an LaBr3 scintillator 10, a photomultiplier tube 12, an oscilloscope 14, and a computer 18. The computer 18 detects a peak value Vp and a total charge amount Q.sub.total of a voltage waveform signal and calculates an error propagation expression function for a ratio of the peak value Vp to the total charge amount Q.sub.total. This error propagation expression function is used as a threshold function for identifying and removing decay events. The decay events are identified from the peak value Vp and total charge amount Q.sub.total, which are measurement values that can be measured in real time.