Inorganic-organic hybrid IB-VII semiconductor compounds, in which a Group IB transition metal halide salt is coordinated with an organic heteroaromatic ligand, wherein at least one ring atom of said heteroaromatic ligand is a heteroatom independently selected from N, O and S and the Group IB metal of the halide salt is coordinated to a ring heteroatom. Also disclosed are semiconductor and light emitting devices comprising these materials, including light emitting diodes, and methods of preparing these materials and devices.

An illuminant has a short fluorescence lifetime, high transparency, and high light yield and a radiation detector uses the illuminant. The illuminant is appropriate for a radiation detector for detecting gamma-rays, X-rays, ?-rays, and neutron rays, and has high radiation resistance, a short fluorescence decay time and high emission intensity. The illuminant has a garnet structure using emission from the 4f5d level of Ce.sup.3+, and includes a garnet illuminant prepared by co-doping of at least one type of monovalent or divalent cation at a molar ratio of 7000 ppm or less with respect to all cations, to an illuminant having a garnet structure represented by general formula Ce.sub.xRE.sub.3?xM.sub.5+yO.sub.12+3y/2 (where 0.0001?x?0.3, 0?y?0.5 or 0?y??0.5, M is one type or two or more types selected from Al, Lu, Ga, and Sc, and RE is one type or two or more types selected from La, Pr, Gd, Tb, Yb, Y, and Lu).

An illuminant has a short fluorescence lifetime, high transparency, and high light yield and a radiation detector uses the illuminant. The illuminant is appropriate for a radiation detector for detecting gamma-rays, X-rays, ?-rays, and neutron rays, and has high radiation resistance, a short fluorescence decay time and high emission intensity. The illuminant has a garnet structure using emission from the 4f5d level of Ce.sup.3+, and includes a garnet illuminant prepared by co-doping of at least one type of monovalent or divalent cation at a molar ratio of 7000 ppm or less with respect to all cations, to an illuminant having a garnet structure represented by general formula Ce.sub.xRE.sub.3?xM.sub.5+yO.sub.12+3y/2 (where 0.0001?x?0.3, 0?y?0.5 or 0?y??0.5, M is one type or two or more types selected from Al, Lu, Ga, and Sc, and RE is one type or two or more types selected from La, Pr, Gd, Tb, Yb, Y, and Lu).

Provided is a dosimeter capable of reading out a dose multiple times and excellent in biological tissue equivalence, and a radiation measuring method using this dosimeter. The dosimeter includes a detecting element containing magnesium oxide and a dose measuring system thereof is a radio-photoluminescence system. The detecting element preferably comprises a single-crystal body or a sintered body of magnesium oxide, and more preferably further contains a rare-earth element such as samarium. Moreover, the radiation measuring method uses the above-described dosimeter and the dose measuring system thereof is a radio-photoluminescence system.

A process of synthesizing GaSe nanocrystals is provided, the process including: contacting a first precursor containing gallium with a second precursor containing selenium to obtain a GaSe single precursor; and reacting the GaSe single precursor in a solvent in the presence of a ligand compound, and optionally with a third precursor including an element (A) other than gallium and selenium, to prepare a GaSe nanocrystal represented by Chemical Formula 1:
GaSe.sub.xA.sub.y [Chemical Formula 1] wherein x is about 1.1 to 3, and y is about 0.1 to 4.

A process of synthesizing GaSe nanocrystals is provided, the process including: contacting a first precursor containing gallium with a second precursor containing selenium to obtain a GaSe single precursor; and reacting the GaSe single precursor in a solvent in the presence of a ligand compound, and optionally with a third precursor including an element (A) other than gallium and selenium, to prepare a GaSe nanocrystal represented by Chemical Formula 1:
GaSe.sub.xA.sub.y [Chemical Formula 1] wherein x is about 1.1 to 3, and y is about 0.1 to 4.

Presented herein are methods for creating nanoparticles, which exhibit desirable electro-luminescent and photo-luminescent capabilities, while retaining the robust inorganic nature. And incorporating the nanoparticles in micron and sub-micron scale structures, via a range of patterning techniques, to create highly functional meta-material apparatus. Example embodiments include applications in emissive color elements within displays, Micro-LED devices, and thin-film apparatus; integrating optical, photonic and plasmonic properties, from the combination of patternable nano-scale features, with photo/electro-luminescing material capabilities; performing multiple light processing functions, within the apparatus. The method of construction, materials, electrical drive, color and pixel manipulation as well as system integration are described, such that one of ordinary skill in the art could construct implementations including lighting, displays, panels and other applications.

Presented herein are methods for creating nanoparticles, which exhibit desirable electro-luminescent and photo-luminescent capabilities, while retaining the robust inorganic nature. And incorporating the nanoparticles in micron and sub-micron scale structures, via a range of patterning techniques, to create highly functional meta-material apparatus. Example embodiments include applications in emissive color elements within displays, Micro-LED devices, and thin-film apparatus; integrating optical, photonic and plasmonic properties, from the combination of patternable nano-scale features, with photo/electro-luminescing material capabilities; performing multiple light processing functions, within the apparatus. The method of construction, materials, electrical drive, color and pixel manipulation as well as system integration are described, such that one of ordinary skill in the art could construct implementations including lighting, displays, panels and other applications.

Presented are apparatus, systems and methods for creating tuned color emissions, from lighting and displays, that can be electronically controlled to select a desirable spectrum of wavelengths safer for human vision, for optimal color reproduction, for energy/brightness efficiency, and more. Apparatus including light emitting chips, materials, package design, electronic control devices and circuits, lights, light-fixtures, display panels, visual computing devices and systems, are disclosed. An embodiment is described which is capable of operating in modes, where eye-safe colors are rendered with minimal harmful wavelengths, as well as at least one mode of operation favoring color rendering, and brightness configurations. An embodiment is operable to deliver a paper-like black-on-white viewing experience, in both night-time and day-time operating modes, with reduced high-energy blue-wavelength light spectra. In one embodiment, the light-emitter, controller, display and system are operable to switch between these modes of operation.

A novel compound for a light emitting device, and an organic light emitting device containing the same are disclosed. The compound for a light emitting device is represented by Formula 1 below:

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