Presented are apparatus, systems and methods for creating tuned color emissions, from lighting and displays, that can be electronically controlled to select a desirable spectrum of wavelengths safer for human vision, for optimal color reproduction, for energy/brightness efficiency, and more. Apparatus including light emitting chips, materials, package design, electronic control devices and circuits, lights, light-fixtures, display panels, visual computing devices and systems, are disclosed. An embodiment is described which is capable of operating in modes, where eye-safe colors are rendered with minimal harmful wavelengths, as well as at least one mode of operation favoring color rendering, and brightness configurations. An embodiment is operable to deliver a paper-like black-on-white viewing experience, in both night-time and day-time operating modes, with reduced high-energy blue-wavelength light spectra. In one embodiment, the light-emitter, controller, display and system are operable to switch between these modes of operation.

Presented are apparatus, systems and methods for creating tuned color emissions, from lighting and displays, that can be electronically controlled to select a desirable spectrum of wavelengths safer for human vision, for optimal color reproduction, for energy/brightness efficiency, and more. Apparatus including light emitting chips, materials, package design, electronic control devices and circuits, lights, light-fixtures, display panels, visual computing devices and systems, are disclosed. An embodiment is described which is capable of operating in modes, where eye-safe colors are rendered with minimal harmful wavelengths, as well as at least one mode of operation favoring color rendering, and brightness configurations. An embodiment is operable to deliver a paper-like black-on-white viewing experience, in both night-time and day-time operating modes, with reduced high-energy blue-wavelength light spectra. In one embodiment, the light-emitter, controller, display and system are operable to switch between these modes of operation.

Provided is a scintillator material that is excited by radiation rays to emit visible light. The scintillator material has a cristobalite structure obtained by crystallizing a part of silica. A fluorescent material SrI.sub.2:Eu.sup.2+ is incorporated into the cristobalite structure to form a nanocomposite, and the cristobalite structure contains an alkali metal ion.

Provided are a perovskite optoelectronic device containing an exciton buffer layer, and a method for manufacturing the same. The optoelectronic device of the present inventive concept comprises: an exciton buffer layer in which a first electrode, a conductive layer disposed on the first electrode and comprising a conductive material, and a surface buffer layer containing fluorine-based material having lower surface energy than the conductive material are sequentially deposited; a photoactive layer disposed on the exciton buffer layer and containing a perovskite photoactive layer; and a second electrode disposed on the photoactive layer. Accordingly, a perovskite is formed with a combined FCC and BSS crystal structure in a nanoparticle photoactive layer. The present inventive concept can also form a lamellar or layered structure in which an organic plane and an inorganic plane are alternatively deposited; and an exciton can be bound by the inorganic plane, thereby being capable of expressing high color purity.

Provided are a perovskite optoelectronic device containing an exciton buffer layer, and a method for manufacturing the same. The optoelectronic device of the present inventive concept comprises: an exciton buffer layer in which a first electrode, a conductive layer disposed on the first electrode and comprising a conductive material, and a surface buffer layer containing fluorine-based material having lower surface energy than the conductive material are sequentially deposited; a photoactive layer disposed on the exciton buffer layer and containing a perovskite photoactive layer; and a second electrode disposed on the photoactive layer. Accordingly, a perovskite is formed with a combined FCC and BSS crystal structure in a nanoparticle photoactive layer. The present inventive concept can also form a lamellar or layered structure in which an organic plane and an inorganic plane are alternatively deposited; and an exciton can be bound by the inorganic plane, thereby being capable of expressing high color purity.

The present invention relates to a leveler capable of efficiently filling the inside of via holes formed during the manufacturing process of a printed circuit board, and an electroplating composition comprising the same. When via holes on a substrate are filled with the electroplating composition according to the present invention, the via holes can be filled in a relatively short time while minimizing the formation of dimples or voids.

A ceramic scintillator according to an embodiment includes a garnet compound having a composition represented by (Lu.sub.1-xPr.sub.x).sub.a(Al.sub.1-y-zGa.sub.yM.sub.z).sub.bO.sub.1.5{a+b}, In the ceramic scintillator, M in the composition includes one kind or more of Si, Ge, and Sn, and x, y, and z respectively satisfy 0.002x0.500, 0.1y0.8, and 0.0010z0.1000.

A quantum dot-containing polymer contains quantum dots that emit fluorescence by excitation light, wherein the quantum dot-containing polymer is a combined polymer of the quantum dots in which a ligand having a reactive substituent is coordinated to the outermost surface and a silicone compound having a polymerizable substituent. The quantum dot-containing polymer is stabilized by mild conditions.

The present invention relates to an organometallic compound and application thereof. The organometallic compound has a general formula of Ir(La)(Lb)(Lc), where La is a structure represented by Formula (1). The compound provided by the present invention has the advantages of high optical and electrical stability, narrow emission half-peak width, high color saturation, high luminous efficiency, long device service life and the like, and can be used in organic electroluminescent devices. In particular, the compound has the potential for application in the AMOLED industry as a green light-emitting dopant. ##STR00001##