A pyrolysis apparatus, including a retort tube in a closed loop configuration the retort tube defining a single entrance point and two exit points, a vortex separator joined to retort tube; and a plurality of fins positioned in spiraling rows about the retort tube, the fins extending through and sealed to a wall of the retort tube, the fins simultaneously extending beyond either side of the wall and being positioned to be a static mixer inside and outside the retort tube.

A pyrolysis apparatus, including a retort tube in a closed loop configuration the retort tube defining a single entrance point and two exit points, a vortex separator joined to retort tube; and a plurality of fins positioned in spiraling rows about the retort tube, the fins extending through and sealed to a wall of the retort tube, the fins simultaneously extending beyond either side of the wall and being positioned to be a static mixer inside and outside the retort tube.

An apparatus for pyrolyzing a carbonaceous material and producing char and volatiles includes a vessel having an inlet for the carbonaceous material, an outlet for the char and the volatiles, and a first pathway therebetween. The vessel has wall portions with interior surfaces that define the first pathway. Further, the vessel has a heat exchange medium inlet, outlet and a second pathway therebetween. The first and second pathways are in heat exchange proximity to each other and the second pathway is defined by interior surfaces of the, or other, wall interior portions of the vessel. At least some of the interior wall portions of the vessel project into an interior space of the vessel such that at least one of the first and second pathways is non-linear.

An apparatus for pyrolyzing a carbonaceous material and producing char and volatiles includes a vessel having an inlet for the carbonaceous material, an outlet for the char and the volatiles, and a first pathway therebetween. The vessel has wall portions with interior surfaces that define the first pathway. Further, the vessel has a heat exchange medium inlet, outlet and a second pathway therebetween. The first and second pathways are in heat exchange proximity to each other and the second pathway is defined by interior surfaces of the, or other, wall interior portions of the vessel. At least some of the interior wall portions of the vessel project into an interior space of the vessel such that at least one of the first and second pathways is non-linear.

Summary: Method and system for processing a substance in a retort (1) wherein the retort comprises at least one flow deflector internal to the retort. A substance (8) is loaded into the retort (1), the retort (1) is positioned or located in an oven (9), a first (10) and second (11) duct are attacked to the retort, a heat carrier fluidum is passed through the substance (8) in the retort (1) for drying and/or heating the substance inside the retort, an indirect heat is transfer is applied over the wall (3) of the retort (1) and process progress is controlled by means of a controlled indirect heat transfer and/or a flow provided into the retort inlet comprising a heat carrier fluidum.

Summary: Method and system for processing a substance in a retort (1) wherein the retort comprises at least one flow deflector internal to the retort. A substance (8) is loaded into the retort (1), the retort (1) is positioned or located in an oven (9), a first (10) and second (11) duct are attacked to the retort, a heat carrier fluidum is passed through the substance (8) in the retort (1) for drying and/or heating the substance inside the retort, an indirect heat is transfer is applied over the wall (3) of the retort (1) and process progress is controlled by means of a controlled indirect heat transfer and/or a flow provided into the retort inlet comprising a heat carrier fluidum.

The invention provides a pyrolysis reaction system, the system comprising: a pyrolysis chamber comprising a feed inlet, a gas inlet and a product outlet, wherein the pyrolysis chamber is configured i) to receive a pyrolysable organic feed and an inert gas via the feed inlet and gas inlet respectively, ii) to pyrolyse the organic feed at a pyrolysis temperature to produce a carbonaceous pyrolysis product and a pyrolysis gas, wherein the pyrolysis gas will combine with the inert gas to form a gas mixture having a pyrolysis chamber pressure in the pyrolysis chamber, and iii) to discharge the carbonaceous pyrolysis product via the product outlet; a gas reactor configured to react the pyrolysis gas by combustion and/or carbon deposition at a gas reaction temperature and a gas reactor pressure; and a first partition defining a boundary between the pyrolysis chamber and the gas reactor, the first partition comprising a plurality of first apertures to provide fluid communication between the pyrolysis chamber and the gas reactor, wherein the pyrolysis reaction system is operable with the gas reactor pressure less than the pyrolysis chamber pressure such that the gas mixture flows from the pyrolysis chamber to the gas reactor through the first apertures, thereby providing at least a portion of the pyrolysis gas for reaction in the gas reactor.

A continuous process and apparatus for treating dried coal and coal char to promote passivation of the reactive carbon particles by forming a protective oxide coating and simultaneously adding moisture to rehydrate said particles. The passivation process is conducted in a novel apparatus providing for the staged control of the reaction temperature and the staged introduction of both oxygen and moisture. The fluidized bed apparatus has internal in-bed cooling means embedded within the fluidized coal or coal char particles so as to remove the heat energy as it is released by virtue of the exothermic passivation reactions.

A continuous process and apparatus for treating dried coal and coal char to promote passivation of the reactive carbon particles by forming a protective oxide coating and simultaneously adding moisture to rehydrate said particles. The passivation process is conducted in a novel apparatus providing for the staged control of the reaction temperature and the staged introduction of both oxygen and moisture. The fluidized bed apparatus has internal in-bed cooling means embedded within the fluidized coal or coal char particles so as to remove the heat energy as it is released by virtue of the exothermic passivation reactions.

A pyrolysis system for waste includes: a pyrolysis apparatus configured to receive waste and generate combustible gas by pyrolyzing the received waste; an emulsification apparatus connected to the pyrolysis apparatus and configured to produce pyrolysis oil by cooling condensable gas among the combustible gas generated by the pyrolysis apparatus and discharge non-condensable gas; and a combustion furnace connected to the emulsification apparatus and configured to receive and combust the non-condensable gas discharged from the emulsification apparatus, where the combustion furnace is configured to generate hot air by combusting the non-condensable gas, and supply the hot air to the pyrolysis apparatus to pyrolyze the waste.