To encode High Dynamic Range (HDR) images, the HDR images can be converted to Low Dynamic Range (LDR) images through tone mapping operation, and the LDR images can be encoded with an LDR encoder. The present principles formulates a rate distortion minimization problem when designing the tone mapping curve. In particular, the tone mapping curve is formulated as a function of the probability distribution function of the HDR images to be encoded and a Lagrangian multiplier that depends on encoding parameters. At the decoder, based on the parameters indicative of the tone mapping function, an inverse tone mapping function can be derived to reconstruct HDR images from decoded LDR images.

To encode High Dynamic Range (HDR) images, the HDR images can be converted to Low Dynamic Range (LDR) images through tone mapping operation, and the LDR images can be encoded with an LDR encoder. The present principles formulates a rate distortion minimization problem when designing the tone mapping curve. In particular, the tone mapping curve is formulated as a function of the probability distribution function of the HDR images to be encoded and a Lagrangian multiplier that depends on encoding parameters. At the decoder, based on the parameters indicative of the tone mapping function, an inverse tone mapping function can be derived to reconstruct HDR images from decoded LDR images.

To encode High Dynamic Range (HDR) images, the HDR images can be converted to Low Dynamic Range (LDR) images through tone mapping operation, and the LDR images can be encoded with an LDR encoder. The present principles formulates a rate distortion minimization problem when designing the tone mapping curve. In particular, the tone mapping curve is formulated as a function of the probability distribution function of the HDR images to be encoded and a Lagrangian multiplier that depends on encoding parameters. At the decoder, based on the parameters indicative of the tone mapping function, an inverse tone mapping function can be derived to reconstruct HDR images from decoded LDR images.

An integrated process unit for making one or more alkylate products is provided. The integrated process unit includes (a) a dehydrogenation reactor; (b) a single alkylation reactor; (c) a separator, following the alkylation reactor, that separates effluent from the alkylation reactor into a catalyst phase and a hydrocarbon phase; (d) a distillation unit, following the separator, that receives the hydrocarbon phase and separates it into alkylate products, an unreacted paraffin phase, and an isoparaffin phase; (e) a first recycle line that feeds unreacted paraffin phase to the dehydrogenation reactor; and (f) a second recycle line that feeds isoparaffin phase to the alkylation reactor.

An integrated process unit for making one or more alkylate products is provided. The integrated process unit includes (a) a dehydrogenation reactor; (b) a single alkylation reactor; (c) a separator, following the alkylation reactor, that separates effluent from the alkylation reactor into a catalyst phase and a hydrocarbon phase; (d) a distillation unit, following the separator, that receives the hydrocarbon phase and separates it into alkylate products, an unreacted paraffin phase, and an isoparaffin phase; (e) a first recycle line that feeds unreacted paraffin phase to the dehydrogenation reactor; and (f) a second recycle line that feeds isoparaffin phase to the alkylation reactor.

An in-line L-Grade recovery system having a first in-line separator in communication with a natural gas stream and configured to separate the natural gas stream into a gas stream and a liquid stream, a second in-line separator in communication with the first in-line separator and configured to separate the liquid stream into L-Grade and water, and a storage tank in communication with the second in-line separator and configured to store the L-Grade.

An in-line L-Grade recovery system having a first in-line separator in communication with a natural gas stream and configured to separate the natural gas stream into a gas stream and a liquid stream, a second in-line separator in communication with the first in-line separator and configured to separate the liquid stream into L-Grade and water, and a storage tank in communication with the second in-line separator and configured to store the L-Grade.

A method for processing raw natural gas for storage and transport in a storage vessel at a storage pressure greater than the raw natural gas dense phase pressure, which includes the steps of receiving the raw natural gas in a flow path at an inlet pressure greater than the storage pressure; if necessary, dehydrating the raw natural gas; and continuously releasing the dehydrated raw natural gas from the flow path at a release pressure and a release temperature into a storage vessel until the pressure of the dehydrated raw natural gas in the storage vessel reaches the storage pressure, avoiding the solidification of any impurities in the raw natural gas. Also, a method of processing crude oil having dissolved raw natural gas for storage and transport in a storage vessel at a storage pressure greater than the bubble point pressure, includes the steps of receiving the crude oil at an inlet pressure greater than the storage pressure, and loading the crude oil into the storage vessel until the crude oil reaches the storage pressure, without separating any dissolved raw natural gas from the crude oil. Alternatively, raw natural gas is separated from the crude oil, and compressed to at least the storage pressure, dehydrating the raw natural gas, and recombining the dehydrated raw natural gas with the crude oil prior to loading into the storage vessel, avoiding the solidification of any impurities in the raw natural gas.

A method for processing raw natural gas for storage and transport in a storage vessel at a storage pressure greater than the raw natural gas dense phase pressure, which includes the steps of receiving the raw natural gas in a flow path at an inlet pressure greater than the storage pressure; if necessary, dehydrating the raw natural gas; and continuously releasing the dehydrated raw natural gas from the flow path at a release pressure and a release temperature into a storage vessel until the pressure of the dehydrated raw natural gas in the storage vessel reaches the storage pressure, avoiding the solidification of any impurities in the raw natural gas. Also, a method of processing crude oil having dissolved raw natural gas for storage and transport in a storage vessel at a storage pressure greater than the bubble point pressure, includes the steps of receiving the crude oil at an inlet pressure greater than the storage pressure, and loading the crude oil into the storage vessel until the crude oil reaches the storage pressure, without separating any dissolved raw natural gas from the crude oil. Alternatively, raw natural gas is separated from the crude oil, and compressed to at least the storage pressure, dehydrating the raw natural gas, and recombining the dehydrated raw natural gas with the crude oil prior to loading into the storage vessel, avoiding the solidification of any impurities in the raw natural gas.

A method of obtaining a liquefied hydrocarbon-rich fraction (product fraction) having a nitrogen content of 1 mol %, wherein the hydrocarbon-rich fraction is liquefied and subcooled with a refrigeration circuit and then subjected to a rectificative removal of nitrogen is disclosed.