The present application generally relates to the introduction of a renewable fuel oil as a feedstock into refinery systems or field upgrading equipment. For example, the present application is directed to methods of introducing a liquid thermally produced from biomass into a petroleum conversion unit; for example, a refinery fluid catalytic cracker (FCC), a coker, a field upgrader system, a hydrocracker, and/or hydrotreating unit; for co-processing with petroleum fractions, petroleum fraction reactants, and/or petroleum fraction feedstocks and the products, e.g., fuels, and uses and value of the products resulting therefrom.

A two-stage reactor/process is disclosed for the conversion of solid particulate biomass material and includes: a first stage, in which solid particulate biomass material is pyrolyzed to primary reaction products, and a second stage in which the primary reaction products are catalytically converted in a second stage which is operated at a temperature higher than that of the first stage.

A two-stage reactor/process is disclosed for the conversion of solid particulate biomass material and includes: a first stage, in which solid particulate biomass material is pyrolyzed to primary reaction products, and a second stage in which the primary reaction products are catalytically converted in a second stage which is operated at a temperature higher than that of the first stage.

A method is disclosed for preparing an aviation fuel composition by subjecting a feedstock of biological and/or recycled origin to cracking in a cracking unit and to fractionation in a fractionation unit to obtain a kerosene fraction. The obtained kerosene fraction is subjected to hydrotreatment in a hydrotreatment unit to form a first jet fuel component. The formed first jet fuel component is mixed with a further jet fuel component to form a fuel composition having a wear scar diameter of 0.78 mm or less, as measured with BOCLE lubricity test method according to ASTM D5001. The feedstock contains one or more of tall oil pitch (TOP), a mixture of sludge palm oil, palm fatty acid distillate and animal fat (FATS), and used lubricant oil (ULO).

A method of converting naphtha is disclosed. The method includes heating the naphtha in stages in different heating units. The naphtha is vaporized in the first heating unit. And the vaporized naphtha undergoes the largest temperature change of the process in the second heating unit. A third heating unit can be a part of the reactor. The reactor includes a catalyst which is contacted with the pre-heated naphtha to convert it to C.sub.2 to C.sub.4 olefins.

Heavy hydro-carbonaceous materials such as bitumen are upgraded in supercritical water in a continuous-flow reactor system. The present invention provides a reactor arrangement for and a method of converting bitumen and other highly viscous hydrocarbon containing materials into pumpable liquids to enable further processing of such materials while avoiding production of char. The process can be carried out in an underground reactor based on oil well technology. The reactor design and method facilitates mass transfer to dissolve bitumen in heated water and breaks down heavy hydrocarbons by controlling the temperature and pressure in zones within the flowing stream. The reactor may include an embedded electric heater.

Heavy hydro-carbonaceous materials such as bitumen are upgraded in supercritical water in a continuous-flow reactor system. The present invention provides a reactor arrangement for and a method of converting bitumen and other highly viscous hydrocarbon containing materials into pumpable liquids to enable further processing of such materials while avoiding production of char. The process can be carried out in an underground reactor based on oil well technology. The reactor design and method facilitates mass transfer to dissolve bitumen in heated water and breaks down heavy hydrocarbons by controlling the temperature and pressure in zones within the flowing stream. The reactor may include an embedded electric heater.

Systems and methods are disclosed for managing the operation of a plant, such as a chemical plant or a petrochemical plant or a refinery, and more particularly for enhancing system performance of a catalyzed reaction system by, among other features, detecting catalyst deactivation and cycle length. Plants may include those that provide hydrocarbon cracking or other process units. A plant may include a reactor, a heater, a catalyst bed, a separator, and other equipment. The equipment may use catalyst to treat feed products to remove compounds and produce different products. Catalysts used in the various reactors in these processes become deactivated over time. Systems and methods are disclosed for extending catalyst life and thereby improving efficiency of the plant.

Systems and methods are disclosed for managing the operation of a plant, such as a chemical plant or a petrochemical plant or a refinery, and more particularly for enhancing system performance of a catalyzed reaction system by, among other features, detecting catalyst deactivation and cycle length. Plants may include those that provide hydrocarbon cracking or other process units. A plant may include a reactor, a heater, a catalyst bed, a separator, and other equipment. The equipment may use catalyst to treat feed products to remove compounds and produce different products. Catalysts used in the various reactors in these processes become deactivated over time. Systems and methods are disclosed for extending catalyst life and thereby improving efficiency of the plant.

Provided is a method for providing a recommended operating condition with which an oil refinery device can be operated more efficiently. A server 20: acquires past operational data for a device, a scheduled operating condition which is an operation condition for the device scheduled by a user, and plant information including at least a usage expiry time of the device; creates a user-specific catalyst deterioration function from the past operational data; calculates, on the basis of the catalyst deterioration function, the plant information, and the schedule operating condition, a recommended operating condition that achieves a catalyst lifetime which is later than the usage expiry time of the device and is earlier than the catalyst lifetime when the device is operated under a scheduled operating condition calculated on the basis of the scheduled operating condition and the catalyst deterioration function; and transmits the recommended operating condition to a user terminal.