A method is disclosed of producing hydrocarbons from a recycled or renewable organic material, wherein the recycled or renewable organic material contains from 5 to 30 wt-% oxygen as organic oxy-gen compounds and from 1 to 1000 ppm phosphorous as phosphorous compounds. Exemplary methods include (a) providing the recycled or renewable organic material (c) thermally cracking the recycled or renewable organic material thereby reducing the oxygen and phosphorous content of the recycled or renewable organic material to obtain (i) a vapor fraction containing a major part of volatiles, and (ii) a thermally cracked recycled or renewable organic material fraction containing less oxygen and less phosphorous than the recycled or renewable organic material provided in step (a); and (f) hydrotreating the thermally cracked recycled or renewable organic material fraction in a presence of a hydrotreating catalyst; to obtain hydrocarbons containing less than 1 wt % oxygen and less phosphorous than the recycled or re-newable organic material provided in step (a).

Provided is a beta-type zeolite which has a high catalytic activity and is not easily deactivated.

The beta-type zeolite of the invention has a substantially octahedral shape, has a Si/Al ratio of 5 or more, and is a proton-type zeolite. The Si/Al ratio is preferably 40 or more. This beta-type zeolite is preferably obtained by transforming a raw material beta-type zeolite synthesized without using a structure directing agent into an ammonium-type zeolite through ion exchange, then, exposing the beta-type zeolite to water vapor, and subjecting the exposed beta-type zeolite to an acid treatment.

A method of cracking a hydrocarbon feed which includes introducing vaporizing a hydrocarbon feed and a heat generating material (HGM) stream comprising at least one aldehyde or ketone to a cracking reactor. The hydrocarbon feed and the HGM stream are vaporized and may be vaporized prior or subsequent to introduction to the cracking reactor. The addition of the HGM to the endothermic cracking process provides the heat needed for cracking and helps the overall process to achieve thermal neutrality. The method includes cracking the hydrocarbon feed to produce a cracking product, where the cracking product comprises C.sub.1-C.sub.4 hydrocarbons and C.sub.5+ hydrocarbons.

A cyclic metals deactivation system unit for the production of equilibrium catalyst materials including a cracker vessel configured for cracking and stripping a catalyst material; and a regenerator vessel in fluid communication with the cracker vessel, the regenerator vessel configured for regeneration and steam deactivation of the catalyst material.

A cyclic metals deactivation system unit for the production of equilibrium catalyst materials including a cracker vessel configured for cracking and stripping a catalyst material; and a regenerator vessel in fluid communication with the cracker vessel, the regenerator vessel configured for regeneration and steam deactivation of the catalyst material.

A hydrocarbon feed stream may be processed by a method that may include catalytically cracking a hydrocarbon feed stream in a counter-current reactor to produce a first effluent stream, and processing a portion or all of the first effluent stream by at least one or more separations. The at least one or more separations may form at least a second effluent stream including at least 95 wt. % C.sub.4-C.sub.6 hydrocarbons, and a third effluent stream including at least 95 wt. % of ethane, propane, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the method may further include catalytically cracking a portion or all of the second effluent stream in a second reactor to form a second reactor effluent stream, combining a portion of all of the second reactor effluent stream with the first effluent stream, steam cracking a portion or all of the third effluent stream to form a steam cracked effluent stream, and combining a portion or all of the steam cracked effluent stream with the first effluent. In other embodiments, the method may further include passing a portion or all of the second effluent stream to the counter-current reactor, steam cracking a portion or all of the third effluent stream to form a steam cracked effluent stream, and combining a portion or all of the steam cracked effluent stream with the first effluent stream.

The present subject matter provides a process for hydrocarbon residue upgradation. The combination of the hydrocarbon residue along with aromatic rich hydrocarbons, catalysts and surfactants allow the operation of visbreaking unit at higher temperature while producing a stable bottom product.

The present subject matter provides a process for hydrocarbon residue upgradation. The combination of the hydrocarbon residue along with aromatic rich hydrocarbons, catalysts and surfactants allow the operation of visbreaking unit at higher temperature while producing a stable bottom product.

The present invention relates to a composition comprising lignin and a solvent where the lignin is functionalized with an ether group.

The present invention relates to a composition comprising lignin and a solvent where the lignin is functionalized with an ether group.