This invention is directed to novel mixed transition metal iron (II/III) catalysts for the extraction of oxygen from CO.sub.2 and the selective reaction with organic compounds.

This invention is directed to novel mixed transition metal iron (II/III) catalysts for the extraction of oxygen from CO.sub.2 and the selective reaction with organic compounds.

The present invention relates to novel lignin-derived compounds and compositions comprising the same and their use as redox flow battery electrolytes. The invention further provides a method for preparing said compounds and compositions as well as a redox flow battery comprising said compounds and compositions. Additionally, an assembly for carrying out the inventive method is provided.

This invention is directed to novel mixed transition metal iron (II/III) catalysts for the extraction of oxygen from CO.sub.2 and the selective reaction with organic compounds.

This invention is directed to novel mixed transition metal iron (II/III) catalysts for the extraction of oxygen from CO.sub.2 and the selective reaction with organic compounds.

The present invention relates to a method for producing one or more low molecular weight aromatic lignin-derived compounds. The method preferably comprises providing lignocellulosic material, subjecting the lignocellulosic material to a pulping process, separating pulp to provide a substantially pulp-free process stream comprising a modified lignin-derived component, isolating the modified lignin-derived component, subjecting the isolated modified lignin-derived component to a decomposition step comprising oxidative cracking (cracking and oxidizing) or reducing under the influence of a catalyst or electro-oxidation, and subjecting the resulting products to an isolation step, to provide a low molecular weight aromatic lignin-derived compound. Said compound may be further modified, e.g. by annulation. The inventive method preferably comprises further oxidizing said compound to a redox active compound. Additionally, the present invention relates to compounds obtainable by the inventive method and to an assembly for carrying out the inventive method. Furthermore, the present invention refers to a method for providing an existing pulp and/or paper manufacturing plant with said assembly.

A system is disclosed for desulfurizing liquid fossil fuel comprising: liquid fossil fuel supply; a first mixer; a second mixer; an oxidizer supply; a catalyst supply; an extractant supply; a centrifuge; and an ultrasoncially induced cavitation reactor comprising: a vessel configured to receiving the liquid fossil fuel, oxidizer and catalyst as a multiphase reaction medium; and a vibrating probe disposed within walls of the vessel. The multiphase reaction medium is configured to flow generally parallel to the probe. The probe is configured to produce pressure waves to induce formation of nano-sized bubbles in the multiphase reaction medium along one or more cavitation zones along a length of the probe. The vessel walls are at a distance of approximately 0.5 to 5 times the diameter of a smallest diameter of the probe. The first mixer is configured to receive and mix the liquid fossil fuel supply with the catalyst supply. The reactor is configured to receive the mix of liquid fossil fuel supply and the catalyst supply from the first mixer and the oxidizer supply. The second mixer is configured to receive the multiphase reaction medium and extractant supply to form processed fuel. The centrifuge is configured to receive the processed fuel from the second mixer to extract sulfones to yield an organic phase and aqueous phase. The organic phase substantially consists of desulfurized fuel.

An ultrasonically induced cavitation reactor is disclosed comprising a vessel having an inlet for receiving a processing liquid and an outlet for exiting the processing liquid; and a vibrating probe disposed within walls of the vessel. The processing liquid is configured to flow generally parallel to the probe. The probe is configured to produce pressure waves to induce formation of nano-sized bubbles in the processing liquid along one or more cavitation zones along a length of the probe, wherein the vessel walls are at a distance of approximately 0.5 to 5 times the diameter of a smallest diameter of the probe.

A system to remove sodium and Sulfur from a feed stream containing alkali metal sulfides and polysulfides in addition to heavy metals. The system includes an electrolytic cell having an anolyte compartment housing an anode in contact with an anolyte. The anolyte includes alkali metal sulfides and polysulfides dissolved in a polar organic solvent. The anolyte includes heavy metal ions. A separator includes an ion conducting membrane and separates the anolyte compartment from a catholyte compartment that includes a cathode in contact with a catholyte. The catholyte includes an alkali ion-conductive liquid. A power source applies a voltage to the electrolytic cell high enough to reduce the alkali metal and oxidize Sulfur ions to allow recovery of the alkali metal and elemental sulfur. The ratio of sodium to Sulfur is such that the open circuit potential of the electrolytic cell is greater than about 2.3V.

A reaction column comprises a plurality of cells each of which has a lower cell portion and an upper cell portion. The cells are arranged sequentially, from an uppermost cell to a lowermost cell. The fuel inlet is configured to direct fluid through the reaction column from a lower cell portion of the lowermost cell to an upper cell portion of the uppermost cell, and out of the fuel outlet. The reagent inlet is configured to direct reagent through the reaction column from the upper cell portion of the uppermost cell to the lower cell portion of the lowermost cell. The plurality of cells may be vertically or horizontally positioned, as well as inclined and the like. Systems and methods are likewise disclosed.