In a process for reducing the level of benzene in a refinery gasoline feed containing benzene and at least one C.sub.4+ olefin, the feed is contacted with a first alkylation catalyst under conditions effective to react at least part of the C.sub.4+ olefin and benzene in the refinery gasoline feed and produce a first effluent containing C.sub.10+ hydrocarbons. At least part of the C.sub.10+ hydrocarbons is removed from the first effluent to produce a second effluent, which is then contacted with an alkylating agent selected from one or more C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 olefins in the presence of a second alkylation catalyst to produce a third effluent which has reduced benzene content as compared with the second effluent.

A process for forming a petroleum product includes introducing a feed stream of a petroleum feedstock to a supercritical water reactor. The feed stream is reacted with supercritical water in the supercritical water reactor, thereby forming a supercritical water reactor effluent. The supercritical water reactor effluent is introduced to a separator to separate the supercritical water reactor effluent into a light stream and a heavy stream. At least a portion of the light stream is introduced to a reformer to concentrate aromatics in the at least a portion of the light stream, thereby forming a reformer effluent. The reformer effluent is mixed with the heavy stream.

A processing facility is provided that includes a feedstock separation system configured to separate a feed stream into a lights stream and a heavies stream, a hydrogen production system configured to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide from the lights stream, and a carbon dioxide conversion system configured to produce synthetic hydrocarbons from the carbon dioxide. The processing facility includes a hydroprocessing system configured to process the heavies stream.

An anti-coking surface having a thickness up to 15 microns comprising from 15 to 50 wt. % of MnCr.sub.2O.sub.4 (for example manganochromite); from 15 to 25 wt. % of Cr.sub.0.23Mn.sub.0.08Ni.sub.0.69 (for example chromium manganese nickel); from 10 to 30 wt. % of Cr.sub.1.3Fe.sub.0.7O.sub.3 (for example chromium iron oxide); from 12 to 20 wt. % of Cr.sub.2O.sub.3 (for example eskolaite); from 4 to 20 wt. % of CuFe.sub.5O.sub.8 (for example copper iron oxide); and less than 5 wt. % of one or more compounds chosen from FeO(OH), CrO(OH), CrMn, Si and SiO.sub.2 (either as silicon oxide or quartz) and less than 0.5 wt. % of aluminum in any form provided that the sum of the components is 100 wt. % is provided on steel.

An anti-coking surface having a thickness up to 15 microns comprising from 15 to 50 wt. % of MnCr.sub.2O.sub.4 (for example manganochromite); from 15 to 25 wt. % of Cr.sub.0.23Mn.sub.0.08Ni.sub.0.69 (for example chromium manganese nickel); from 10 to 30 wt. % of Cr.sub.1.3Fe.sub.0.7O.sub.3 (for example chromium iron oxide); from 12 to 20 wt. % of Cr.sub.2O.sub.3 (for example eskolaite); from 4 to 20 wt. % of CuFe.sub.5O.sub.8 (for example copper iron oxide); and less than 5 wt. % of one or more compounds chosen from FeO(OH), CrO(OH), CrMn, Si and SiO.sub.2 (either as silicon oxide or quartz) and less than 0.5 wt. % of aluminum in any form provided that the sum of the components is 100 wt. % is provided on steel.

Disclosed is a method for producing low carbon olefins and/or aromatics from feedstock comprising naphtha. The method can include the following steps: a) feeding feedstock comprising naphtha into a fast fluidized bed reactor; b) contacting the feedstock with a catalyst under conditions to produce a gas product and spent catalyst; c) separating the gas product to produce a stream comprising primarily one or more low carbon olefins and/or one or more aromatics; d) transporting the spent catalyst to a regenerator; e) regenerating the spent catalyst in the regenerator to form regenerated catalyst; and f) returning the regenerated catalyst to the fast fluidized bed reactor.

Improved catalytic reforming processes and systems employ reforming reactors in a more efficient manner and can avoid problems associated with yield loss. A portion of the naphtha feed is pre-reformed for conversion of paraffinic naphtha-range compounds into naphthenes and/or aromatics prior to passing to a reforming unit.

A distillation apparatus for use in microwave-assisted pyrolysis includes a microwave, a pyrolysis reactor, a microwave-absorbent bed, and a condenser. The pyrolysis reactor is located within the microwave and configured to receive a liquid input stream and to output a vapor. The microwave-absorbent bed is located within the pyrolysis reactor that converts microwave energy provided by the microwave to thermal energy to initiate pyrolysis within the pyrolysis reactor, wherein the pyrolysis reactor provides a vapor output. The condenser is configured to receive the vapor output of the pyrolysis reactor and to cool and condense the vapor into a recoverable product.

An anti-coking surface having a thickness up to 15 microns comprising from 15 to 50 wt. % of MnCr.sub.2O.sub.4 (for example manganochromite); from 15 to 25 wt. % of Cr.sub.0.23Mn.sub.0.08Ni.sub.0.69 (for example chromium manganese nickel); from 10 to 30 wt. % of Cr.sub.1.3Fe.sub.0.7O.sub.3 (for example chromium iron oxide); from 12 to 20 wt. % of Cr.sub.2O.sub.3 (for example eskolaite); from 4 to 20 wt. % of CuFe.sub.5O.sub.8 (for example copper iron oxide); and less than 5 wt. % of one or more compounds chosen from FeO(OH), CrO(OH), CrMn, Si and SiO.sub.2 (either as silicon oxide or quartz) and less than 0.5 wt. % of aluminum in any form provided that the sum of the components is 100 wt. % is provided on steel.

An anti-coking surface having a thickness up to 15 microns comprising from 15 to 50 wt. % of MnCr.sub.2O.sub.4 (for example manganochromite); from 15 to 25 wt. % of Cr.sub.0.23Mn.sub.0.08Ni.sub.0.69 (for example chromium manganese nickel); from 10 to 30 wt. % of Cr.sub.1.3Fe.sub.0.7O.sub.3 (for example chromium iron oxide); from 12 to 20 wt. % of Cr.sub.2O.sub.3 (for example eskolaite); from 4 to 20 wt. % of CuFe.sub.5O.sub.8 (for example copper iron oxide); and less than 5 wt. % of one or more compounds chosen from FeO(OH), CrO(OH), CrMn, Si and SiO.sub.2 (either as silicon oxide or quartz) and less than 0.5 wt. % of aluminum in any form provided that the sum of the components is 100 wt. % is provided on steel.