Optimizing power generation from waste heat in large industrial facilities such as petroleum refineries by utilizing a subset of all available hot source streams selected based, in part, on considerations for example, capital cost, ease of operation, economics of scale power generation, a number of ORC machines to be operated, operating conditions of each ORC machine, combinations of them, or other considerations are described. Recognizing that several subsets of hot sources can be identified from among the available hot sources in a large petroleum refinery, subsets of hot sources that are optimized to provide waste heat to one or more ORC machines for power generation are also described. Further, recognizing that the utilization of waste heat from all available hot sources in a mega-site such as a petroleum refinery and aromatics complex is not necessarily or not always the best option, hot source units in petroleum refineries from which waste heat can be consolidated to power the one or more ORC machines are identified.

Optimizing power generation from waste heat in large industrial facilities such as petroleum refineries by utilizing a subset of all available hot source streams selected based, in part, on considerations for example, capital cost, ease of operation, economics of scale power generation, a number of ORC machines to be operated, operating conditions of each ORC machine, combinations of them, or other considerations are described. Recognizing that several subsets of hot sources can be identified from among the available hot sources in a large petroleum refinery, subsets of hot sources that are optimized to provide waste heat to one or more ORC machines for power generation are also described. Further, recognizing that the utilization of waste heat from all available hot sources in a mega-site such as a petroleum refinery and aromatics complex is not necessarily or not always the best option, hot source units in petroleum refineries from which waste heat can be consolidated to power the one or more ORC machines are identified.

An LPG reclaim system for withdrawing and reclaiming liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) from an unspent LPG cylinder. The reclaim system has a reclaim station for reclaiming unspent LPG from LPG bottle containers, a compressor for applying a vacuum on the reclaim station and pressurizing LPG vapor from the reclaimed LPG fluid, and a receiving tanlc for receiving a stream of pressurized liquid LPG. The reclaim system has a pair of shell-and-tube heat exchangers include cold-side tubes and a hot side shell. The reclaimed LPG fluid is passed through the cold-side tubes, while the pressurizing LPG vapor is passed through the hot-side shell of the heat exchanger. The heat applied to the cold-side reclaimed LPG fluid promotes evaporation of the LPG fluid to LPG vapor for pressurizing, and the cooling applied to the hot-side pressurized LPG vapor promotes condensation of the LPG vapor to LPG liquid for the refill containers.

An LPG reclaim system for withdrawing and reclaiming liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) from an unspent LPG cylinder. The reclaim system has a reclaim station for reclaiming unspent LPG from LPG bottle containers, a compressor for applying a vacuum on the reclaim station and pressurizing LPG vapor from the reclaimed LPG fluid, and a receiving tanlc for receiving a stream of pressurized liquid LPG. The reclaim system has a pair of shell-and-tube heat exchangers include cold-side tubes and a hot side shell. The reclaimed LPG fluid is passed through the cold-side tubes, while the pressurizing LPG vapor is passed through the hot-side shell of the heat exchanger. The heat applied to the cold-side reclaimed LPG fluid promotes evaporation of the LPG fluid to LPG vapor for pressurizing, and the cooling applied to the hot-side pressurized LPG vapor promotes condensation of the LPG vapor to LPG liquid for the refill containers.

A method for selecting one or more crude oils from a plurality of crude oils. In some embodiments, a plurality of scenarios may be generated, each scenario comprising a plurality of values corresponding, respectively, to a plurality of uncertain parameters, the plurality of uncertain parameters comprising at least one uncertain parameter relating to a quality of a crude oil of the plurality of crude oils. In some embodiments, a stochastic programming model may be solved to obtain a solution that optimizes an objective function, and one or more crude oils may be procured based on respective procurement amounts in the solution of the stochastic programming model. In some embodiments, a chance-constrained programming model may be solved to obtain a solution that optimizes an objective function, and a plurality of feedstocks may be blended into a final product based on the solution of the chance-constrained programming model.

A method for selecting one or more crude oils from a plurality of crude oils. In some embodiments, a plurality of scenarios may be generated, each scenario comprising a plurality of values corresponding, respectively, to a plurality of uncertain parameters, the plurality of uncertain parameters comprising at least one uncertain parameter relating to a quality of a crude oil of the plurality of crude oils. In some embodiments, a stochastic programming model may be solved to obtain a solution that optimizes an objective function, and one or more crude oils may be procured based on respective procurement amounts in the solution of the stochastic programming model. In some embodiments, a chance-constrained programming model may be solved to obtain a solution that optimizes an objective function, and a plurality of feedstocks may be blended into a final product based on the solution of the chance-constrained programming model.

Improved alkylation catalysts, alkylation methods, and methods of making alkylation catalysts are described. The alkylation method comprises reaction over a solid acid, zeolite-based catalyst and can be conducted for relatively long periods at steady state conditions. The alkylation catalyst comprises a crystalline zeolite structure, a Si/Al molar ratio of 20 or less, less than 0.5 weight percent alkali metals, and further having a characteristic catalyst life property. Some catalysts may contain rare earth elements in the range of 10 to 35 wt %. One method of making a catalyst includes a calcination step following exchange of the rare earth element(s) conducted at a temperature of at least 575 C. to stabilize the resulting structure followed by an deammoniation treatment. An improved method of deammoniation uses low temperature oxidation.

Improved alkylation catalysts, alkylation methods, and methods of making alkylation catalysts are described. The alkylation method comprises reaction over a solid acid, zeolite-based catalyst and can be conducted for relatively long periods at steady state conditions. The alkylation catalyst comprises a crystalline zeolite structure, a Si/Al molar ratio of 20 or less, less than 0.5 weight percent alkali metals, and further having a characteristic catalyst life property. Some catalysts may contain rare earth elements in the range of 10 to 35 wt %. One method of making a catalyst includes a calcination step following exchange of the rare earth element(s) conducted at a temperature of at least 575 C. to stabilize the resulting structure followed by an deammoniation treatment. An improved method of deammoniation uses low temperature oxidation.

Improved alkylation catalysts, alkylation methods, and methods of making alkylation catalysts are described. The alkylation method comprises reaction over a solid acid, zeolite-based catalyst and can be conducted for relatively long periods at steady state conditions. The alkylation catalyst comprises a crystalline zeolite structure, a Si/Al molar ratio of 20 or less, less than 0.5 weight percent alkali metals, and further having a characteristic catalyst life property. Some catalysts may contain rare earth elements in the range of 10 to 35 wt %. One method of making a catalyst includes a calcination step following exchange of the rare earth element(s) conducted at a temperature of at least 575 C. to stabilize the resulting structure followed by an deammoniation treatment. An improved method of deammoniation uses low temperature oxidation.

A clad cellular glass block and a passive fire suppression system incorporating clad cellular glass blocks are disclosed. The system is comprised of segments of cellular glass block including a cladding material that comprises an integrated connector flange. Adjacent cellular glass blocks in a reservoir can be interlocked to create a passive barrier the helps to reduce the damage or risks associated with a liquid hydrocarbon spill.