The present invention relates generally to the generation of bio-products from organic matter feedstocks. More specifically, the present invention relates to the use of pulping liquors in the hydrothermal/thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic and/or fossilised organic feedstocks into biofuels (e.g. bio-oils) and/or chemical products (e.g. platform chemicals).

The present invention relates generally to the generation of bio-products from organic matter feedstocks. More specifically, the present invention relates to the use of pulping liquors in the hydrothermal/thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic and/or fossilised organic feedstocks into biofuels (e.g. bio-oils) and/or chemical products (e.g. platform chemicals).

A device for converting carbon dioxide in flue gas into natural gas using dump energy. The device includes a transformer and rectifier device, an electrolytic cell, a turbine, a carbon dioxide heater, a primary fixed bed reactor, a secondary fixed bed reactor, a natural gas condenser, and a process water line. An outlet of the transformer and rectifier device is connected to a power interface of the electrolytic cell, a gas-liquid outlet of a cathode of the electrolytic cell is connected to a gas-liquid inlet of a hydrogen separator, and a liquid outlet of the hydrogen separator is connected to a liquid reflux port of the cathode of the electrolytic cell.

A natural gas processing system is configured to process a two-phase flow in a natural gas transportation system. The natural gas processing system has an off-gas compression package with a compressor suction drum, joined to a stabilizer and to a first stage compressor. A first stage off-gas after cooler is joined to the compressor suction drum and a second stage off-gas suction drum. The second stage off-gas suction drum is operatively coupled to a two-phase separator. A second stage compressor is joined to the second stage off-gas suction drum and a second stage off-gas after cooler. The second stage off-gas after cooler is operatively coupled to an acid gas removal system. The off-gas compression package separates the liquid phase from an off-gas phase.

An electrochemical power system is provided that generates an electromotive force (EMF) from the catalytic reaction of hydrogen to lower energy (hydrino) states providing direct conversion of the energy released from the hydrino reaction into electricity, the system comprising at least two components chosen from: H.sub.2O catalyst or a source of H.sub.2O catalyst; atomic hydrogen or a source of atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the H.sub.2O catalyst or source of H.sub.2O catalyst and atomic hydrogen or source of atomic hydrogen; and one or more reactants to initiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen. The electrochemical power system for forming hydrinos and electricity can further comprise a cathode, an anode, reactants that constitute hydrino reactants during cell operation with separate electron flow and ion mass transport, a source of oxygen, and a source of hydrogen. Due to oxidation-reduction electrode reactions, the hydrino-producing reaction mixture is constituted with the migration of electrons through an external circuit and ion mass transport through a separate path such as the electrolyte to complete an electrical circuit. In an embodiment, the anode is regenerated by intermittent charging with the electrodeposition of the anode metal ion from the electrolyte to the anode wherein an anion exchange with the anode metal oxide provides a thermodynamically favorable cycle to facilitate the electrodeposition. A solid fuel power source that provides at least one of thermal and electrical power such as direct electricity or thermal to electricity is further provided that powers a power system comprising (i) at least one reaction cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, (ii) a chemical fuel mixture comprising at least two components chosen from: a source of H.sub.2O catalyst or H.sub.2O catalyst; a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the source of H.sub.2O catalyst or H.sub.2O catalyst and a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; one or more reactants to initiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen; and a material to cause the solid fuel to be highly conductive, (iii) at least one set of electrodes that confine the fuel and an electrical power source that provides a short burst of low-voltage, high-current electrical energy to initiate rapid kinetics of the hydrino reaction and an energy gain due to forming hydrinos, (iv) a product recovery systems such as a condenser, (v) a reloading system, (vi) at least one of hydration, thermal, chemical, and electrochemical systems to regenerate the fuel from the reaction products, (vii) a heat sink that accepts the heat from the power-producing reactions, (viii) a

An electrochemical power system is provided that generates an electromotive force (EMF) from the catalytic reaction of hydrogen to lower energy (hydrino) states providing direct conversion of the energy released from the hydrino reaction into electricity, the system comprising at least two components chosen from: H.sub.2O catalyst or a source of H.sub.2O catalyst; atomic hydrogen or a source of atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the H.sub.2O catalyst or source of H.sub.2O catalyst and atomic hydrogen or source of atomic hydrogen; and one or more reactants to initiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen. The electrochemical power system for forming hydrinos and electricity can further comprise a cathode, an anode, reactants that constitute hydrino reactants during cell operation with separate electron flow and ion mass transport, a source of oxygen, and a source of hydrogen. Due to oxidation-reduction electrode reactions, the hydrino-producing reaction mixture is constituted with the migration of electrons through an external circuit and ion mass transport through a separate path such as the electrolyte to complete an electrical circuit. In an embodiment, the anode is regenerated by intermittent charging with the electrodeposition of the anode metal ion from the electrolyte to the anode wherein an anion exchange with the anode metal oxide provides a thermodynamically favorable cycle to facilitate the electrodeposition. A solid fuel power source that provides at least one of thermal and electrical power such as direct electricity or thermal to electricity is further provided that powers a power system comprising (i) at least one reaction cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, (ii) a chemical fuel mixture comprising at least two components chosen from: a source of H.sub.2O catalyst or H.sub.2O catalyst; a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the source of H.sub.2O catalyst or H.sub.2O catalyst and a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; one or more reactants to initiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen; and a material to cause the solid fuel to be highly conductive, (iii) at least one set of electrodes that confine the fuel and an electrical power source that provides a short burst of low-voltage, high-current electrical energy to initiate rapid kinetics of the hydrino reaction and an energy gain due to forming hydrinos, (iv) a product recovery systems such as a condenser, (v) a reloading system, (vi) at least one of hydration, thermal, chemical, and electrochemical systems to regenerate the fuel from the reaction products, (vii) a heat sink that accepts the heat from the power-producing reactions, (viii) a

In a premixing apparatus that mixes a fuel gas with air and supplies an air-fuel mixture to a burner through a fan, includes a main valve, a zero governor, and a variable throttle valve which are interposed from an upstream side downward in sequence in a gas supply passage, of which an downstream end is connected to a gas suction part that is provided in an air supply passage on an upstream side of a fan, and carries out a first control that regulates an opening degree of the variable throttle valve so that an excess air ratio of the air-fuel mixture, which is indexed based on a flame current that is detected by a flame rod which is exposed in flames of the burner, and a second control that, at time of a post-purge operation, if the flame rod detects the flame current, it will be decided that an open trouble of the main valve occurs and the opening degree of the throttle valve will be tightened till a minimum opening-degree which is set so that the burner is extinguished.

This disclosure pertains to the use of black liquors from kraft pulp mills as a source of catalysts for the thermochemical conversion of organic matter feedstocks to bio oils. More particularly, some embodiments pertain to integrated kraft pulp mill and thermochemical conversion systems, which include: a Kraft pulp mill comprising a digester for digesting a lignocellulosic material with white liquor to produce pulp and black liquors; a thermochemical conversion subsystem comprising: at least one mixing tank for combining pulping liquors received from the pulp mill with an organic matter feedstock and water to produce a reaction mixture; a reactor vessel for treating the reaction mixture received from the mixing tank at a reaction temperature and pressure suitable for conversion of all or a portion of the organic matter in the reaction mixture into a product mixture comprising a bioproduct and an aqueous stream containing both organic and inorganic compounds; and a depressurizer for depressurizing product mixture received from the reactor vessel; and one or more conveyors for conveying the pulping liquors from the pulp mill to the mixing tank.

This disclosure pertains to the use of black liquors from kraft pulp mills as a source of catalysts for the thermochemical conversion of organic matter feedstocks to bio oils. More particularly, some embodiments pertain to integrated kraft pulp mill and thermochemical conversion systems, which include: a Kraft pulp mill comprising a digester for digesting a lignocellulosic material with white liquor to produce pulp and black liquors; a thermochemical conversion subsystem comprising: at least one mixing tank for combining pulping liquors received from the pulp mill with an organic matter feedstock and water to produce a reaction mixture; a reactor vessel for treating the reaction mixture received from the mixing tank at a reaction temperature and pressure suitable for conversion of all or a portion of the organic matter in the reaction mixture into a product mixture comprising a bioproduct and an aqueous stream containing both organic and inorganic compounds; and a depressurizer for depressurizing product mixture received from the reactor vessel; and one or more conveyors for conveying the pulping liquors from the pulp mill to the mixing tank.

Clean, safe and efficient methods, systems, and processes for utilizing thermolysis methods to processes to convert various e-waste sources into Clean Fuel Gas and Char source are disclosed. The invention processes e-waste sources, such as for example whole circuit boards, to effectively shred and/or grind the waste source, and then process using thermolysis methods to destroy and/or separate halogen and other dangerous components to provide a Clean Fuel Gas and Char source, along with the ability to recover precious metals and other valuable components from the Char.